root/trunk/src/func.c

// Compiler implementation of the D programming language
// Copyright (c) 1999-2010 by Digital Mars
// All Rights Reserved
// written by Walter Bright
// http://www.digitalmars.com
// License for redistribution is by either the Artistic License
// in artistic.txt, or the GNU General Public License in gnu.txt.
// See the included readme.txt for details.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <assert.h>

#include "mars.h"
#include "init.h"
#include "declaration.h"
#include "attrib.h"
#include "expression.h"
#include "scope.h"
#include "mtype.h"
#include "aggregate.h"
#include "identifier.h"
#include "id.h"
#include "module.h"
#include "statement.h"
#include "template.h"
#include "hdrgen.h"

#ifdef IN_GCC
#include "d-dmd-gcc.h"
#endif

/********************************* FuncDeclaration ****************************/

FuncDeclaration::FuncDeclaration(Loc loc, Loc endloc, Identifier *id, StorageClass storage_class, Type *type)
    : Declaration(id)
{
    //printf("FuncDeclaration(id = '%s', type = %p)\n", id->toChars(), type);
    //printf("storage_class = x%x\n", storage_class);
    this->storage_class = storage_class;
    this->type = type;
    this->loc = loc;
    this->endloc = endloc;
    fthrows = NULL;
    frequire = NULL;
    fdrequire = NULL;
    fdensure = NULL;
    outId = NULL;
    vresult = NULL;
    returnLabel = NULL;
    fensure = NULL;
    fbody = NULL;
    localsymtab = NULL;
    vthis = NULL;
    v_arguments = NULL;
#if IN_GCC
    v_argptr = NULL;
#endif
    v_argsave = NULL;
    parameters = NULL;
    labtab = NULL;
    overnext = NULL;
    vtblIndex = -1;
    hasReturnExp = 0;
    naked = 0;
    inlineStatus = ILSuninitialized;
    inlineNest = 0;
    inlineAsm = 0;
    cantInterpret = 0;
    semanticRun = PASSinit;
#if DMDV1
    nestedFrameRef = 0;
#endif
    fes = NULL;
    introducing = 0;
    tintro = NULL;
    /* The type given for "infer the return type" is a TypeFunction with
     * NULL for the return type.
     */
    inferRetType = (type && type->nextOf() == NULL);
    hasReturnExp = 0;
    nrvo_can = 1;
    nrvo_var = NULL;
    shidden = NULL;
#if DMDV2
    builtin = BUILTINunknown;
    tookAddressOf = 0;
#endif
}

Dsymbol *FuncDeclaration::syntaxCopy(Dsymbol *s)
{
    FuncDeclaration *f;

    //printf("FuncDeclaration::syntaxCopy('%s')\n", toChars());
    if (s)
        f = (FuncDeclaration *)s;
    else
        f = new FuncDeclaration(loc, endloc, ident, storage_class, type->syntaxCopy());
    f->outId = outId;
    f->frequire = frequire ? frequire->syntaxCopy() : NULL;
    f->fensure  = fensure  ? fensure->syntaxCopy()  : NULL;
    f->fbody    = fbody    ? fbody->syntaxCopy()    : NULL;
    assert(!fthrows); // deprecated
    return f;
}


// Do the semantic analysis on the external interface to the function.

void FuncDeclaration::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   TypeFunction *f;
    AggregateDeclaration *ad;
    StructDeclaration *sd;
    ClassDeclaration *cd;
    InterfaceDeclaration *id;
    Dsymbol *pd;

#if 0
    printf("FuncDeclaration::semantic(sc = %p, this = %p, '%s', linkage = %d)\n", sc, this, toPrettyChars(), sc->linkage);
    if (isFuncLiteralDeclaration())
        printf("\tFuncLiteralDeclaration()\n");
    printf("sc->parent = %s, parent = %s\n", sc->parent->toChars(), parent ? parent->toChars() : "");
    printf("type: %p, %s\n", type, type->toChars());
#endif

    if (semanticRun != PASSinit && isFuncLiteralDeclaration())
    {
        /* Member functions that have return types that are
         * forward references can have semantic() run more than
         * once on them.
         * See test\interface2.d, test20
         */
        return;
    }

    parent = sc->parent;
    Dsymbol *parent = toParent();

    if (semanticRun >= PASSsemanticdone)
    {
        if (!parent->isClassDeclaration())
        {
            return;
        }
        // need to re-run semantic() in order to set the class's vtbl[]
    }
    else
    {
        assert(semanticRun <= PASSsemantic);
        semanticRun = PASSsemantic;
    }

    unsigned dprogress_save = Module::dprogress;

    foverrides.setDim(0);       // reset in case semantic() is being retried for this function

    storage_class |= sc->stc & ~STCref;
    ad = isThis();
    if (ad)
        storage_class |= ad->storage_class & (STC_TYPECTOR | STCsynchronized);

    //printf("function storage_class = x%llx, sc->stc = x%llx, %x\n", storage_class, sc->stc, Declaration::isFinal());

    if (!originalType)
        originalType = type;
    if (!type->deco)
    {
        sc = sc->push();
        sc->stc |= storage_class & (STCref | STCnothrow | STCpure | STCdisable
            | STCsafe | STCtrusted | STCsystem);      // forward to function type

        if (isCtorDeclaration())
            sc->flags |= SCOPEctor;
        type = type->semantic(loc, sc);
        sc = sc->pop();

        /* Apply const, immutable and shared storage class
         * to the function type
         */
        StorageClass stc = storage_class;
        if (type->isImmutable())
            stc |= STCimmutable;
        if (type->isConst())
            stc |= STCconst;
        if (type->isShared() || storage_class & STCsynchronized)
            stc |= STCshared;
        if (type->isWild())
            stc |= STCwild;
        switch (stc & STC_TYPECTOR)
        {
            case STCimmutable:
            case STCimmutable | STCconst:
            case STCimmutable | STCconst | STCshared:
            case STCimmutable | STCshared:
            case STCimmutable | STCwild:
            case STCimmutable | STCconst | STCwild:
            case STCimmutable | STCconst | STCshared | STCwild:
            case STCimmutable | STCshared | STCwild:
                // Don't use toInvariant(), as that will do a merge()
                type = type->makeInvariant();
                goto Lmerge;

            case STCconst:
            case STCconst | STCwild:
                type = type->makeConst();
                goto Lmerge;

            case STCshared | STCconst:
            case STCshared | STCconst | STCwild:
                type = type->makeSharedConst();
                goto Lmerge;

            case STCshared:
                type = type->makeShared();
                goto Lmerge;

            case STCwild:
                type = type->makeWild();
                goto Lmerge;

            case STCshared | STCwild:
                type = type->makeSharedWild();
                goto Lmerge;

            Lmerge:
                if (!(type->ty == Tfunction && !type->nextOf()))
                    /* Can't do merge if return type is not known yet
                     */
                    type->deco = type->merge()->deco;
                break;

            case 0:
                break;

            default:
                assert(0);
        }
    }
    storage_class &= ~STCref;
    if (type->ty != Tfunction)
    {
        error("%s must be a function instead of %s", toChars(), type->toChars());
        return;
    }
    f = (TypeFunction *)(type);
    size_t nparams = Parameter::dim(f->parameters);

    linkage = sc->linkage;
    protection = sc->protection;

    if (storage_class & STCscope)
        error("functions cannot be scope");

    if (isAbstract() && !isVirtual())
        error("non-virtual functions cannot be abstract");

    if ((f->isConst() || f->isImmutable()) && !isThis())
        error("without 'this' cannot be const/immutable");

    if (isAbstract() && isFinal())
        error("cannot be both final and abstract");
#if 0
    if (isAbstract() && fbody)
        error("abstract functions cannot have bodies");
#endif

#if 0
    if (isStaticConstructor() || isStaticDestructor())
    {
        if (!isStatic() || type->nextOf()->ty != Tvoid)
            error("static constructors / destructors must be static void");
        if (f->arguments && f->arguments->dim)
            error("static constructors / destructors must have empty parameter list");
        // BUG: check for invalid storage classes
    }
#endif

#ifdef IN_GCC
    {
        AggregateDeclaration *ad = parent->isAggregateDeclaration();
        if (ad)
            ad->methods.push(this);
    }
#endif
    sd = parent->isStructDeclaration();
    if (sd)
    {
        if (isCtorDeclaration())
        {
            goto Ldone;
        }
#if 0
        // Verify no constructors, destructors, etc.
        if (isCtorDeclaration()
            //||isDtorDeclaration()
            //|| isInvariantDeclaration()
            //|| isUnitTestDeclaration()
           )
        {
            error("special member functions not allowed for %ss", sd->kind());
        }

        if (!sd->inv)
            sd->inv = isInvariantDeclaration();

        if (!sd->aggNew)
            sd->aggNew = isNewDeclaration();

        if (isDelete())
        {
            if (sd->aggDelete)
                error("multiple delete's for struct %s", sd->toChars());
            sd->aggDelete = (DeleteDeclaration *)(this);
        }
#endif
    }

    id = parent->isInterfaceDeclaration();
    if (id)
    {
        storage_class |= STCabstract;

        if (isCtorDeclaration() ||
#if DMDV2
            isPostBlitDeclaration() ||
#endif
            isDtorDeclaration() ||
            isInvariantDeclaration() ||
            isUnitTestDeclaration() || isNewDeclaration() || isDelete())
            error("constructors, destructors, postblits, invariants, unittests, new and delete functions are not allowed in interface %s", id->toChars());
        if (fbody && isVirtual())
            error("function body is not abstract in interface %s", id->toChars());
    }

    /* Contracts can only appear without a body when they are virtual interface functions
     */
    if (!fbody && (fensure || frequire) && !(id && isVirtual()))
        error("in and out contracts require function body");

    /* Template member functions aren't virtual:
     *   interface TestInterface { void tpl(T)(); }
     * and so won't work in interfaces
     */
    if ((pd = toParent()) != NULL &&
        pd->isTemplateInstance() &&
        (pd = toParent2()) != NULL &&
        (id = pd->isInterfaceDeclaration()) != NULL)
    {
        error("template member functions are not allowed in interface %s", id->toChars());
    }

    cd = parent->isClassDeclaration();
    if (cd)
    {   int vi;
        CtorDeclaration *ctor;
        DtorDeclaration *dtor;
        InvariantDeclaration *inv;

        if (isCtorDeclaration())
        {
//          ctor = (CtorDeclaration *)this;
//          if (!cd->ctor)
//              cd->ctor = ctor;
            return;
        }

#if 0
        dtor = isDtorDeclaration();
        if (dtor)
        {
            if (cd->dtor)
                error("multiple destructors for class %s", cd->toChars());
            cd->dtor = dtor;
        }

        inv = isInvariantDeclaration();
        if (inv)
        {
            cd->inv = inv;
        }

        if (isNewDeclaration())
        {
            if (!cd->aggNew)
                cd->aggNew = (NewDeclaration *)(this);
        }

        if (isDelete())
        {
            if (cd->aggDelete)
                error("multiple delete's for class %s", cd->toChars());
            cd->aggDelete = (DeleteDeclaration *)(this);
        }
#endif

        if (storage_class & STCabstract)
            cd->isabstract = 1;

        // if static function, do not put in vtbl[]
        if (!isVirtual())
        {
            //printf("\tnot virtual\n");
            goto Ldone;
        }

        /* Find index of existing function in base class's vtbl[] to override
         * (the index will be the same as in cd's current vtbl[])
         */
        vi = cd->baseClass ? findVtblIndex(&cd->baseClass->vtbl, cd->baseClass->vtbl.dim)
                           : -1;

        switch (vi)
        {
            case -1:
                /* Didn't find one, so
                 * This is an 'introducing' function which gets a new
                 * slot in the vtbl[].
                 */

                // Verify this doesn't override previous final function
                if (cd->baseClass)
                {   Dsymbol *s = cd->baseClass->search(loc, ident, 0);
                    if (s)
                    {
                        FuncDeclaration *f = s->isFuncDeclaration();
                        f = f->overloadExactMatch(type);
                        if (f && f->isFinal() && f->prot() != PROTprivate)
                            error("cannot override final function %s", f->toPrettyChars());
                    }
                }

                if (isFinal())
                {
                    if (isOverride())
                        error("is marked as override, but does not override any function");
                    cd->vtblFinal.push(this);
                }
                else
                {
                    // Append to end of vtbl[]
                    //printf("\tintroducing function\n");
                    introducing = 1;
                    vi = cd->vtbl.dim;
                    cd->vtbl.push(this);
                    vtblIndex = vi;
                }
                break;

            case -2:    // can't determine because of fwd refs
                cd->sizeok = 2; // can't finish due to forward reference
                Module::dprogress = dprogress_save;
                return;

            default:
            {   FuncDeclaration *fdv = (FuncDeclaration *)cd->baseClass->vtbl.data[vi];
                // This function is covariant with fdv
                if (fdv->isFinal())
                    error("cannot override final function %s", fdv->toPrettyChars());

#if DMDV2
                if (!isOverride())
                    warning(loc, "overrides base class function %s, but is not marked with 'override'", fdv->toPrettyChars());
#endif

                if (fdv->toParent() == parent)
                {
                    // If both are mixins, then error.
                    // If either is not, the one that is not overrides
                    // the other.
                    if (fdv->parent->isClassDeclaration())
                        break;
                    if (!this->parent->isClassDeclaration()
#if !BREAKABI
                        && !isDtorDeclaration()
#endif
#if DMDV2
                        && !isPostBlitDeclaration()
#endif
                        )
                        error("multiple overrides of same function");
                }
                cd->vtbl.data[vi] = (void *)this;
                vtblIndex = vi;

                /* Remember which functions this overrides
                 */
                foverrides.push(fdv);

                /* This works by whenever this function is called,
                 * it actually returns tintro, which gets dynamically
                 * cast to type. But we know that tintro is a base
                 * of type, so we could optimize it by not doing a
                 * dynamic cast, but just subtracting the isBaseOf()
                 * offset if the value is != null.
                 */

                if (fdv->tintro)
                    tintro = fdv->tintro;
                else if (!type->equals(fdv->type))
                {
                    /* Only need to have a tintro if the vptr
                     * offsets differ
                     */
                    int offset;
                    if (fdv->type->nextOf()->isBaseOf(type->nextOf(), &offset))
                    {
                        tintro = fdv->type;
                    }
                }
                break;
            }
        }

        /* Go through all the interface bases.
         * If this function is covariant with any members of those interface
         * functions, set the tintro.
         */
        for (int i = 0; i < cd->interfaces_dim; i++)
        {
            BaseClass *b = cd->interfaces[i];
            vi = findVtblIndex(&b->base->vtbl, b->base->vtbl.dim);
            switch (vi)
            {
                case -1:
                    break;

                case -2:
                    cd->sizeok = 2;     // can't finish due to forward reference
                    Module::dprogress = dprogress_save;
                    return;

                default:
                {   FuncDeclaration *fdv = (FuncDeclaration *)b->base->vtbl.data[vi];
                    Type *ti = NULL;

                    /* Remember which functions this overrides
                     */
                    foverrides.push(fdv);

                    if (fdv->tintro)
                        ti = fdv->tintro;
                    else if (!type->equals(fdv->type))
                    {
                        /* Only need to have a tintro if the vptr
                         * offsets differ
                         */
                        unsigned errors = global.errors;
                        global.gag++;            // suppress printing of error messages
                        int offset;
                        int baseOf = fdv->type->nextOf()->isBaseOf(type->nextOf(), &offset);
                        global.gag--;            // suppress printing of error messages
                        if (errors != global.errors)
                        {
                            // any error in isBaseOf() is a forward reference error, so we bail out
                            global.errors = errors;
                            cd->sizeok = 2;    // can't finish due to forward reference
                            Module::dprogress = dprogress_save;
                            return;
                        }
                        if (baseOf)
                        {
                            ti = fdv->type;
                        }
                    }
                    if (ti)
                    {
                        if (tintro && !tintro->equals(ti))
                        {
                            error("incompatible covariant types %s and %s", tintro->toChars(), ti->toChars());
                        }
                        tintro = ti;
                    }
                    goto L2;
                }
            }
        }

        if (introducing && isOverride())
        {
            error("does not override any function");
        }

    L2: ;

        /* Go through all the interface bases.
         * Disallow overriding any final functions in the interface(s).
         */
        for (int i = 0; i < cd->interfaces_dim; i++)
        {
            BaseClass *b = cd->interfaces[i];
            if (b->base)
            {
                Dsymbol *s = search_function(b->base, ident);
                if (s)
                {
                    FuncDeclaration *f = s->isFuncDeclaration();
                    if (f)
                    {
                        f = f->overloadExactMatch(type);
                        if (f && f->isFinal() && f->prot() != PROTprivate)
                            error("cannot override final function %s.%s", b->base->toChars(), f->toPrettyChars());
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    else if (isOverride() && !parent->isTemplateInstance())
        error("override only applies to class member functions");

    /* Do not allow template instances to add virtual functions
     * to a class.
     */
    if (isVirtual())
    {
        TemplateInstance *ti = parent->isTemplateInstance();
        if (ti)
        {
            // Take care of nested templates
            while (1)
            {
                TemplateInstance *ti2 = ti->tempdecl->parent->isTemplateInstance();
                if (!ti2)
                    break;
                ti = ti2;
            }

            // If it's a member template
            ClassDeclaration *cd = ti->tempdecl->isClassMember();
            if (cd)
            {
                error("cannot use template to add virtual function to class '%s'", cd->toChars());
            }
        }
    }

    if (isMain())
    {
        // Check parameters to see if they are either () or (char[][] args)
        switch (nparams)
        {
            case 0:
                break;

            case 1:
            {
                Parameter *arg0 = Parameter::getNth(f->parameters, 0);
                if (arg0->type->ty != Tarray ||
                    arg0->type->nextOf()->ty != Tarray ||
                    arg0->type->nextOf()->nextOf()->ty != Tchar ||
                    arg0->storageClass & (STCout | STCref | STClazy))
                    goto Lmainerr;
                break;
            }

            default:
                goto Lmainerr;
        }

        if (!f->nextOf())
            error("must return int or void");
        else if (f->nextOf()->ty != Tint32 && f->nextOf()->ty != Tvoid)
            error("must return int or void, not %s", f->nextOf()->toChars());
        if (f->varargs)
        {
        Lmainerr:
            error("parameters must be main() or main(string[] args)");
        }
    }

    if (ident == Id::assign && (sd || cd))
    {   // Disallow identity assignment operator.

        // opAssign(...)
        if (nparams == 0)
        {   if (f->varargs == 1)
                goto Lassignerr;
        }
        else
        {
            Parameter *arg0 = Parameter::getNth(f->parameters, 0);
            Type *t0 = arg0->type->toBasetype();
            Type *tb = sd ? sd->type : cd->type;
            if (arg0->type->implicitConvTo(tb) ||
                (sd && t0->ty == Tpointer && t0->nextOf()->implicitConvTo(tb))
               )
            {
                if (nparams == 1)
                    goto Lassignerr;
                Parameter *arg1 = Parameter::getNth(f->parameters, 1);
                if (arg1->defaultArg)
                    goto Lassignerr;
            }
        }
    }

    if (isVirtual() && semanticRun != PASSsemanticdone)
    {
        /* Rewrite contracts as nested functions, then call them.
         * Doing it as nested functions means that overriding functions
         * can call them.
         */
        if (frequire)
        {   /*   in { ... }
             * becomes:
             *   void __require() { ... }
             *   __require();
             */
            Loc loc = frequire->loc;
            TypeFunction *tf = new TypeFunction(NULL, Type::tvoid, 0, LINKd);
            FuncDeclaration *fd = new FuncDeclaration(loc, loc,
                Id::require, STCundefined, tf);
            fd->fbody = frequire;
            Statement *s1 = new DeclarationStatement(loc, fd);
            Expression *e = new CallExp(loc, new VarExp(loc, fd, 0), (Expressions *)NULL);
            Statement *s2 = new ExpStatement(loc, e);
            frequire = new CompoundStatement(loc, s1, s2);
            fdrequire = fd;
        }

        if (!outId && f->nextOf() && f->nextOf()->toBasetype()->ty != Tvoid)
            outId = Id::result; // provide a default

        if (fensure)
        {   /*   out (result) { ... }
             * becomes:
             *   tret __ensure(ref tret result) { ... }
             *   __ensure(result);
             */
            Loc loc = fensure->loc;
            Parameters *arguments = new Parameters();
            Parameter *a = NULL;
            if (outId)
            {   a = new Parameter(STCref | STCconst, f->nextOf(), outId, NULL);
                arguments->push(a);
            }
            TypeFunction *tf = new TypeFunction(arguments, Type::tvoid, 0, LINKd);
            FuncDeclaration *fd = new FuncDeclaration(loc, loc,
                Id::ensure, STCundefined, tf);
            fd->fbody = fensure;
            Statement *s1 = new DeclarationStatement(loc, fd);
            Expression *eresult = NULL;
            if (outId)
                eresult = new IdentifierExp(loc, outId);
            Expression *e = new CallExp(loc, new VarExp(loc, fd, 0), eresult);
            Statement *s2 = new ExpStatement(loc, e);
            fensure = new CompoundStatement(loc, s1, s2);
            fdensure = fd;
        }
    }

Ldone:
    Module::dprogress++;
    semanticRun = PASSsemanticdone;

    /* Save scope for possible later use (if we need the
     * function internals)
     */
    scope = new Scope(*sc);
    scope->setNoFree();
    return;

Lassignerr:
    if (sd)
    {
        sd->hasIdentityAssign = 1;      // don't need to generate it
        goto Ldone;
    }
    error("identity assignment operator overload is illegal");
}

void FuncDeclaration::semantic2(Scope *sc)
{
}

// Do the semantic analysis on the internals of the function.

void FuncDeclaration::semantic3(Scope *sc)
{   TypeFunction *f;
    VarDeclaration *argptr = NULL;
    VarDeclaration *_arguments = NULL;
    int nerrors = global.errors;

    if (!parent)
    {
        if (global.errors)
            return;
        //printf("FuncDeclaration::semantic3(%s '%s', sc = %p)\n", kind(), toChars(), sc);
        assert(0);
    }
    //printf("FuncDeclaration::semantic3('%s.%s', sc = %p, loc = %s)\n", parent->toChars(), toChars(), sc, loc.toChars());
    //fflush(stdout);
    //printf("storage class = x%x %x\n", sc->stc, storage_class);
    //{ static int x; if (++x == 2) *(char*)0=0; }
    //printf("\tlinkage = %d\n", sc->linkage);

    //printf(" sc->incontract = %d\n", sc->incontract);
    if (semanticRun >= PASSsemantic3)
        return;
    semanticRun = PASSsemantic3;

    if (!type || type->ty != Tfunction)
        return;
    f = (TypeFunction *)(type);

#if 0
    // Check the 'throws' clause
    if (fthrows)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < fthrows->dim; i++)
        {
            Type *t = (Type *)fthrows->data[i];

            t = t->semantic(loc, sc);
            if (!t->isClassHandle())
                error("can only throw classes, not %s", t->toChars());
        }
    }
#endif

    frequire = mergeFrequire(frequire);
    fensure = mergeFensure(fensure);

    if (fbody || frequire || fensure)
    {
        /* Symbol table into which we place parameters and nested functions,
         * solely to diagnose name collisions.
         */
        localsymtab = new DsymbolTable();

        // Establish function scope
        ScopeDsymbol *ss = new ScopeDsymbol();
        ss->parent = sc->scopesym;
        Scope *sc2 = sc->push(ss);
        sc2->func = this;
        sc2->parent = this;
        sc2->callSuper = 0;
        sc2->sbreak = NULL;
        sc2->scontinue = NULL;
        sc2->sw = NULL;
        sc2->fes = fes;
        sc2->linkage = LINKd;
        sc2->stc &= ~(STCauto | STCscope | STCstatic | STCabstract | STCdeprecated |
                        STC_TYPECTOR | STCfinal | STCtls | STCgshared | STCref |
                        STCproperty | STCsafe | STCtrusted | STCsystem);
        sc2->protection = PROTpublic;
        sc2->explicitProtection = 0;
        sc2->structalign = 8;
        sc2->incontract = 0;
        sc2->tf = NULL;
        sc2->noctor = 0;

        // Declare 'this'
        AggregateDeclaration *ad = isThis();
        if (ad)
        {   VarDeclaration *v;

            if (isFuncLiteralDeclaration() && isNested() && !sc->intypeof)
            {
                error("function literals cannot be class members");
                return;
            }
            else
            {
                assert(!isNested() || sc->intypeof);    // can't be both member and nested
                assert(ad->handle);
                Type *thandle = ad->handle;
#if STRUCTTHISREF
                thandle = thandle->addMod(type->mod);
                thandle = thandle->addStorageClass(storage_class);
                //if (isPure())
                    //thandle = thandle->addMod(MODconst);
#else
                if (storage_class & STCconst || type->isConst())
                {
                    assert(0); // BUG: shared not handled
                    if (thandle->ty == Tclass)
                        thandle = thandle->constOf();
                    else
                    {   assert(thandle->ty == Tpointer);
                        thandle = thandle->nextOf()->constOf()->pointerTo();
                    }
                }
                else if (storage_class & STCimmutable || type->isImmutable())
                {
                    if (thandle->ty == Tclass)
                        thandle = thandle->invariantOf();
                    else
                    {   assert(thandle->ty == Tpointer);
                        thandle = thandle->nextOf()->invariantOf()->pointerTo();
                    }
                }
                else if (storage_class & STCshared || type->isShared())
                {
                    assert(0);  // not implemented
                }
#endif
                v = new ThisDeclaration(loc, thandle);
                //v = new ThisDeclaration(loc, isCtorDeclaration() ? ad->handle : thandle);
                v->storage_class |= STCparameter;
#if STRUCTTHISREF
                if (thandle->ty == Tstruct)
                    v->storage_class |= STCref;
#endif
                v->semantic(sc2);
                if (!sc2->insert(v))
                    assert(0);
                v->parent = this;
                vthis = v;
            }
        }
        else if (isNested())
        {
            /* The 'this' for a nested function is the link to the
             * enclosing function's stack frame.
             * Note that nested functions and member functions are disjoint.
             */
            VarDeclaration *v = new ThisDeclaration(loc, Type::tvoid->pointerTo());
            v->storage_class |= STCparameter;
            v->semantic(sc2);
            if (!sc2->insert(v))
                assert(0);
            v->parent = this;
            vthis = v;
        }

        // Declare hidden variable _arguments[] and _argptr
        if (f->varargs == 1)
        {
#if TARGET_NET
            varArgs(sc2, f, argptr, _arguments);
#else
            Type *t;

            if (global.params.isX86_64)
            {   // Declare save area for varargs registers
                Type *t = new TypeIdentifier(loc, Id::va_argsave_t);
                t = t->semantic(loc, sc);
                if (t == Type::terror)
                    error("must import core.vararg to use variadic functions");
                else
                {
                    v_argsave = new VarDeclaration(loc, t, Id::va_argsave, NULL);
                    v_argsave->semantic(sc2);
                    sc2->insert(v_argsave);
                    v_argsave->parent = this;
                }
            }

            if (f->linkage == LINKd)
            {   // Declare _arguments[]
#if BREAKABI
                v_arguments = new VarDeclaration(0, Type::typeinfotypelist->type, Id::_arguments_typeinfo, NULL);
                v_arguments->storage_class = STCparameter;
                v_arguments->semantic(sc2);
                sc2->insert(v_arguments);
                v_arguments->parent = this;

                //t = Type::typeinfo->type->constOf()->arrayOf();
                t = Type::typeinfo->type->arrayOf();
                _arguments = new VarDeclaration(0, t, Id::_arguments, NULL);
                _arguments->semantic(sc2);
                sc2->insert(_arguments);
                _arguments->parent = this;
#else
                t = Type::typeinfo->type->arrayOf();
                v_arguments = new VarDeclaration(0, t, Id::_arguments, NULL);
                v_arguments->storage_class = STCparameter | STCin;
                v_arguments->semantic(sc2);
                sc2->insert(v_arguments);
                v_arguments->parent = this;
#endif
            }
            if (f->linkage == LINKd || (parameters && parameters->dim))
            {   // Declare _argptr
#if IN_GCC
                t = d_gcc_builtin_va_list_d_type;
#else
                t = Type::tvoid->pointerTo();
#endif
                argptr = new VarDeclaration(0, t, Id::_argptr, NULL);
                argptr->semantic(sc2);
                sc2->insert(argptr);
                argptr->parent = this;
            }
#endif
        }

#if 0
        // Propagate storage class from tuple parameters to their element-parameters.
        if (f->parameters)
        {
            for (size_t i = 0; i < f->parameters->dim; i++)
            {   Parameter *arg = (Parameter *)f->parameters->data[i];

                //printf("[%d] arg->type->ty = %d %s\n", i, arg->type->ty, arg->type->toChars());
                if (arg->type->ty == Ttuple)
                {   TypeTuple *t = (TypeTuple *)arg->type;
                    size_t dim = Parameter::dim(t->arguments);
                    for (size_t j = 0; j < dim; j++)
                    {   Parameter *narg = Parameter::getNth(t->arguments, j);
                        narg->storageClass = arg->storageClass;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
#endif

        /* Declare all the function parameters as variables
         * and install them in parameters[]
         */
        size_t nparams = Parameter::dim(f->parameters);
        if (nparams)
        {   /* parameters[] has all the tuples removed, as the back end
             * doesn't know about tuples
             */
            parameters = new Dsymbols();
            parameters->reserve(nparams);
            for (size_t i = 0; i < nparams; i++)
            {
                Parameter *arg = Parameter::getNth(f->parameters, i);
                Identifier *id = arg->ident;
                if (!id)
                {
                    /* Generate identifier for un-named parameter,
                     * because we need it later on.
                     */
                    arg->ident = id = Identifier::generateId("_param_", i);
                }
                Type *vtype = arg->type;
                //if (isPure())
                    //vtype = vtype->addMod(MODconst);
                VarDeclaration *v = new VarDeclaration(loc, vtype, id, NULL);
                //printf("declaring parameter %s of type %s\n", v->toChars(), v->type->toChars());
                v->storage_class |= STCparameter;
                if (f->varargs == 2 && i + 1 == nparams)
                    v->storage_class |= STCvariadic;
                v->storage_class |= arg->storageClass & (STCin | STCout | STCref | STClazy | STCfinal | STC_TYPECTOR | STCnodtor);
                v->semantic(sc2);
                if (!sc2->insert(v))
                    error("parameter %s.%s is already defined", toChars(), v->toChars());
                else
                    parameters->push(v);
                localsymtab->insert(v);
                v->parent = this;
            }
        }

        // Declare the tuple symbols and put them in the symbol table,
        // but not in parameters[].
        if (f->parameters)
        {
            for (size_t i = 0; i < f->parameters->dim; i++)
            {   Parameter *arg = (Parameter *)f->parameters->data[i];

                if (!arg->ident)
                    continue;                   // never used, so ignore
                if (arg->type->ty == Ttuple)
                {   TypeTuple *t = (TypeTuple *)arg->type;
                    size_t dim = Parameter::dim(t->arguments);
                    Objects *exps = new Objects();
                    exps->setDim(dim);
                    for (size_t j = 0; j < dim; j++)
                    {   Parameter *narg = Parameter::getNth(t->arguments, j);
                        assert(narg->ident);
                        VarDeclaration *v = sc2->search(0, narg->ident, NULL)->isVarDeclaration();
                        assert(v);
                        Expression *e = new VarExp(v->loc, v);
                        exps->data[j] = (void *)e;
                    }
                    assert(arg->ident);
                    TupleDeclaration *v = new TupleDeclaration(loc, arg->ident, exps);
                    //printf("declaring tuple %s\n", v->toChars());
                    v->isexp = 1;
                    if (!sc2->insert(v))
                        error("parameter %s.%s is already defined", toChars(), v->toChars());
                    localsymtab->insert(v);
                    v->parent = this;
                }
            }
        }

        /* Do the semantic analysis on the [in] preconditions and
         * [out] postconditions.
         */
        sc2->incontract++;

        if (frequire)
        {   /* frequire is composed of the [in] contracts
             */
            // BUG: need to error if accessing out parameters
            // BUG: need to treat parameters as const
            // BUG: need to disallow returns and throws
            // BUG: verify that all in and ref parameters are read
            frequire = frequire->semantic(sc2);
            labtab = NULL;              // so body can't refer to labels
        }

        if (fensure || addPostInvariant())
        {   /* fensure is composed of the [out] contracts
             */
            if (!type->nextOf())                // if return type is inferred
            {   /* This case:
                 *   auto fp = function() out { } body { };
                 * Can fix by doing semantic() onf fbody first.
                 */
                error("post conditions are not supported if the return type is inferred");
                return;
            }

            ScopeDsymbol *sym = new ScopeDsymbol();
            sym->parent = sc2->scopesym;
            sc2 = sc2->push(sym);

            assert(type->nextOf());
            if (type->nextOf()->ty == Tvoid)
            {
                if (outId)
                    error("void functions have no result");
            }
            else
            {
                if (!outId)
                    outId = Id::result;         // provide a default
            }

            if (outId)
            {   // Declare result variable
                Loc loc = this->loc;

                if (fensure)
                    loc = fensure->loc;

                VarDeclaration *v = new VarDeclaration(loc, type->nextOf(), outId, NULL);
                v->noscope = 1;
                v->storage_class |= STCresult;
#if DMDV2
                if (!isVirtual())
                    v->storage_class |= STCconst;
                if (f->isref)
                {
                    v->storage_class |= STCref | STCforeach;
                }
#endif
                sc2->incontract--;
                v->semantic(sc2);
                sc2->incontract++;
                if (!sc2->insert(v))
                    error("out result %s is already defined", v->toChars());
                v->parent = this;
                vresult = v;

                // vresult gets initialized with the function return value
                // in ReturnStatement::semantic()
            }

            // BUG: need to treat parameters as const
            // BUG: need to disallow returns and throws
            if (fensure)
            {   fensure = fensure->semantic(sc2);
                labtab = NULL;          // so body can't refer to labels
            }

            if (!global.params.useOut)
            {   fensure = NULL;         // discard
                vresult = NULL;
            }

            // Postcondition invariant
            if (addPostInvariant())
            {
                Expression *e = NULL;
                if (isCtorDeclaration())
                {
                    // Call invariant directly only if it exists
                    InvariantDeclaration *inv = ad->inv;
                    ClassDeclaration *cd = ad->isClassDeclaration();

                    while (!inv && cd)
                    {
                        cd = cd->baseClass;
                        if (!cd)
                            break;
                        inv = cd->inv;
                    }
                    if (inv)
                    {
                        e = new DsymbolExp(0, inv);
                        e = new CallExp(0, e);
                        e = e->semantic(sc2);
                    }
                }
                else
                {   // Call invariant virtually
                    Expression *v = new ThisExp(0);
                    v->type = vthis->type;
#if STRUCTTHISREF
                    if (ad->isStructDeclaration())
                        v = v->addressOf(sc);
#endif
                    e = new AssertExp(0, v);
                }
                if (e)
                {
                    ExpStatement *s = new ExpStatement(0, e);
                    if (fensure)
                        fensure = new CompoundStatement(0, s, fensure);
                    else
                        fensure = s;
                }
            }

            if (fensure)
            {   returnLabel = new LabelDsymbol(Id::returnLabel);
                LabelStatement *ls = new LabelStatement(0, Id::returnLabel, fensure);
                returnLabel->statement = ls;
            }
            sc2 = sc2->pop();
        }

        sc2->incontract--;

        if (fbody)
        {   ClassDeclaration *cd = isClassMember();

            /* If this is a class constructor
             */
            if (isCtorDeclaration() && cd)
            {
                for (int i = 0; i < cd->fields.dim; i++)
                {   VarDeclaration *v = (VarDeclaration *)cd->fields.data[i];

                    v->ctorinit = 0;
                }
            }

            if (inferRetType || f->retStyle() != RETstack)
                nrvo_can = 0;

            fbody = fbody->semantic(sc2);
            if (!fbody)
                fbody = new CompoundStatement(0, new Statements());

            if (inferRetType)
            {   // If no return type inferred yet, then infer a void
                if (!type->nextOf())
                {
                    ((TypeFunction *)type)->next = Type::tvoid;
                    type = type->semantic(loc, sc);
                }
                f = (TypeFunction *)type;
            }

            if (isStaticCtorDeclaration())
            {   /* It's a static constructor. Ensure that all
                 * ctor consts were initialized.
                 */

                Dsymbol *p = toParent();
                ScopeDsymbol *ad = p->isScopeDsymbol();
                if (!ad)
                {
                    error("static constructor can only be member of struct/class/module, not %s %s", p->kind(), p->toChars());
                }
                else
                {
                    for (int i = 0; i < ad->members->dim; i++)
                    {   Dsymbol *s = (Dsymbol *)ad->members->data[i];

                        s->checkCtorConstInit();
                    }
                }
            }

            if (isCtorDeclaration() && cd)
            {
                //printf("callSuper = x%x\n", sc2->callSuper);

                // Verify that all the ctorinit fields got initialized
                if (!(sc2->callSuper & CSXthis_ctor))
                {
                    for (int i = 0; i < cd->fields.dim; i++)
                    {   VarDeclaration *v = (VarDeclaration *)cd->fields.data[i];

                        if (v->ctorinit == 0 && v->isCtorinit() && !v->type->isMutable())
                            error("missing initializer for final field %s", v->toChars());
                    }
                }

                if (!(sc2->callSuper & CSXany_ctor) &&
                    cd->baseClass && cd->baseClass->ctor)
                {
                    sc2->callSuper = 0;

                    // Insert implicit super() at start of fbody
                    Expression *e1 = new SuperExp(0);
                    Expression *e = new CallExp(0, e1);

                    e = e->trySemantic(sc2);
                    if (!e)
                        error("no match for implicit super() call in constructor");
                    else
                    {
                        Statement *s = new ExpStatement(0, e);
                        fbody = new CompoundStatement(0, s, fbody);
                    }
                }
            }
            else if (fes)
            {   // For foreach(){} body, append a return 0;
                Expression *e = new IntegerExp(0);
                Statement *s = new ReturnStatement(0, e);
                fbody = new CompoundStatement(0, fbody, s);
                assert(!returnLabel);
            }
            else if (!hasReturnExp && type->nextOf()->ty != Tvoid)
                error("has no return statement, but is expected to return a value of type %s", type->nextOf()->toChars());
            else if (!inlineAsm)
            {
#if DMDV2
                // Check for errors related to 'nothrow'.
                int nothrowErrors = global.errors;
                int blockexit = fbody ? fbody->blockExit(f->isnothrow) : BEfallthru;
                if (f->isnothrow && (global.errors != nothrowErrors) )
                    error("'%s' is nothrow yet may throw", toChars());

                int offend = blockexit & BEfallthru;
#endif
                if (type->nextOf()->ty == Tvoid)
                {
                    if (offend && isMain())
                    {   // Add a return 0; statement
                        Statement *s = new ReturnStatement(0, new IntegerExp(0));
                        fbody = new CompoundStatement(0, fbody, s);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    if (offend)
                    {   Expression *e;
#if DMDV1
                        warning(loc, "no return exp; or assert(0); at end of function");
#else
                        error("no return exp; or assert(0); at end of function");
#endif
                        if (global.params.useAssert &&
                            !global.params.useInline)
                        {   /* Add an assert(0, msg); where the missing return
                             * should be.
                             */
                            e = new AssertExp(
                                  endloc,
                                  new IntegerExp(0),
                                  new StringExp(loc, (char *)"missing return expression")
                                );
                        }
                        else
                            e = new HaltExp(endloc);
                        e = new CommaExp(0, e, type->nextOf()->defaultInit());
                        e = e->semantic(sc2);
                        Statement *s = new ExpStatement(0, e);
                        fbody = new CompoundStatement(0, fbody, s);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        {
            Statements *a = new Statements();

            // Merge in initialization of 'out' parameters
            if (parameters)
            {   for (size_t i = 0; i < parameters->dim; i++)
                {
                    VarDeclaration *v = (VarDeclaration *)parameters->data[i];
                    if (v->storage_class & STCout)
                    {
                        assert(v->init);
                        ExpInitializer *ie = v->init->isExpInitializer();
                        assert(ie);
                        if (ie->exp->op == TOKconstruct)
                            ie->exp->op = TOKassign; // construction occured in parameter processing
                        a->push(new ExpStatement(0, ie->exp));
                    }
                }
            }

            if (argptr)
            {   // Initialize _argptr
#if IN_GCC
                // Handled in FuncDeclaration::toObjFile
                v_argptr = argptr;
                v_argptr->init = new VoidInitializer(loc);
#else
                Type *t = argptr->type;
                if (global.params.isX86_64)
                {   // Initialize _argptr to point to v_argsave
                    Expression *e1 = new VarExp(0, argptr);
                    Expression *e = new SymOffExp(0, v_argsave, 6*8 + 8*16);
                    e->type = argptr->type;
                    e = new AssignExp(0, e1, e);
                    e = e->semantic(sc);
                    a->push(new ExpStatement(0, e));
                }
                else
                {   // Initialize _argptr to point past non-variadic arg
                    VarDeclaration *p;
                    unsigned offset = 0;

                    Expression *e1 = new VarExp(0, argptr);
                    // Find the last non-ref parameter
                    if (parameters && parameters->dim)
                    {
                        int lastNonref = parameters->dim -1;
                        p = (VarDeclaration *)parameters->data[lastNonref];
                        /* The trouble with out and ref parameters is that taking
                         * the address of it doesn't work, because later processing
                         * adds in an extra level of indirection. So we skip over them.
                         */
                        while (p->storage_class & (STCout | STCref))
                        {
                            --lastNonref;
                            offset += PTRSIZE;
                            if (lastNonref < 0)
                            {
                                p = v_arguments;
                                break;
                            }
                            p = (VarDeclaration *)parameters->data[lastNonref];
                        }
                    }
                    else
                        p = v_arguments;            // last parameter is _arguments[]
                    if (p->storage_class & STClazy)
                        // If the last parameter is lazy, it's the size of a delegate
                        offset += PTRSIZE * 2;
                    else
                        offset += p->type->size();
                    offset = (offset + PTRSIZE - 1) & ~(PTRSIZE - 1);  // assume stack aligns on pointer size
                    Expression *e = new SymOffExp(0, p, offset);
                    e->type = Type::tvoidptr;
                    //e = e->semantic(sc);
                    e = new AssignExp(0, e1, e);
                    e->type = t;
                    a->push(new ExpStatement(0, e));
                    p->isargptr = TRUE;
                }
#endif
            }

            if (_arguments)
            {
                /* Advance to elements[] member of TypeInfo_Tuple with:
                 *  _arguments = v_arguments.elements;
                 */
                Expression *e = new VarExp(0, v_arguments);
                e = new DotIdExp(0, e, Id::elements);
                Expression *e1 = new VarExp(0, _arguments);
                e = new ConstructExp(0, e1, e);
                e = e->semantic(sc2);
                a->push(new ExpStatement(0, e));
            }

            // Merge contracts together with body into one compound statement

#ifdef _DH
            if (frequire && global.params.useIn)
            {   frequire->incontract = 1;
                a->push(frequire);
            }
#else
            if (frequire && global.params.useIn)
                a->push(frequire);
#endif

            // Precondition invariant
            if (addPreInvariant())
            {
                Expression *e = NULL;
                if (isDtorDeclaration())
                {
                    // Call invariant directly only if it exists
                    InvariantDeclaration *inv = ad->inv;
                    ClassDeclaration *cd = ad->isClassDeclaration();

                    while (!inv && cd)
                    {
                        cd = cd->baseClass;
                        if (!cd)
                            break;
                        inv = cd->inv;
                    }
                    if (inv)
                    {
                        e = new DsymbolExp(0, inv);
                        e = new CallExp(0, e);
                        e = e->semantic(sc2);
                    }
                }
                else
                {   // Call invariant virtually
                    Expression *v = new ThisExp(0);
                    v->type = vthis->type;
#if STRUCTTHISREF
                    if (ad->isStructDeclaration())
                        v = v->addressOf(sc);
#endif
                    Expression *se = new StringExp(0, (char *)"null this");
                    se = se->semantic(sc);
                    se->type = Type::tchar->arrayOf();
                    e = new AssertExp(loc, v, se);
                }
                if (e)
                {
                    ExpStatement *s = new ExpStatement(0, e);
                    a->push(s);
                }
            }

            if (fbody)
                a->push(fbody);

            if (fensure)
            {
                a->push(returnLabel->statement);

                if (type->nextOf()->ty != Tvoid)
                {
                    // Create: return vresult;
                    assert(vresult);
                    Expression *e = new VarExp(0, vresult);
                    if (tintro)
                    {   e = e->implicitCastTo(sc, tintro->nextOf());
                        e = e->semantic(sc);
                    }
                    ReturnStatement *s = new ReturnStatement(0, e);
                    a->push(s);
                }
            }

            fbody = new CompoundStatement(0, a);
#if DMDV2
            /* Append destructor calls for parameters as finally blocks.
             */
            if (parameters)
            {   for (size_t i = 0; i < parameters->dim; i++)
                {
                    VarDeclaration *v = (VarDeclaration *)parameters->data[i];

                    if (v->storage_class & (STCref | STCout))
                        continue;

                    /* Don't do this for static arrays, since static
                     * arrays are called by reference. Remove this
                     * when we change them to call by value.
                     */
                    if (v->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tsarray)
                        continue;

                    Expression *e = v->callScopeDtor(sc2);
                    if (e)
                    {   Statement *s = new ExpStatement(0, e);
                        s = s->semantic(sc2);
                        if (fbody->blockExit(f->isnothrow) == BEfallthru)
                            fbody = new CompoundStatement(0, fbody, s);
                        else
                            fbody = new TryFinallyStatement(0, fbody, s);
                    }
                }
            }
#endif

#if 1
            if (isSynchronized())
            {   /* Wrap the entire function body in a synchronized statement
                 */
                ClassDeclaration *cd = parent->isClassDeclaration();
                if (cd)
                {
#if TARGET_WINDOS
                    if (/*config.flags2 & CFG2seh &&*/  // always on for WINDOS
                        !isStatic() && !fbody->usesEH())
                    {
                        /* The back end uses the "jmonitor" hack for syncing;
                         * no need to do the sync at this level.
                         */
                    }
                    else
#endif
                    {
                        Expression *vsync;
                        if (isStatic())
                        {   // The monitor is in the ClassInfo
                            vsync = new DotIdExp(loc, new DsymbolExp(loc, cd), Id::classinfo);
                        }
                        else
                        {   // 'this' is the monitor
                            vsync = new VarExp(loc, vthis);
                        }
                        fbody = new PeelStatement(fbody);       // don't redo semantic()
                        fbody = new SynchronizedStatement(loc, vsync, fbody);
                        fbody = fbody->semantic(sc2);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    error("synchronized function %s must be a member of a class", toChars());
                }
            }
#endif
        }

        sc2->callSuper = 0;
        sc2->pop();
    }

    if (global.gag && global.errors != nerrors)
        semanticRun = PASSsemanticdone; // Ensure errors get reported again
    else
        semanticRun = PASSsemantic3done;
    //printf("-FuncDeclaration::semantic3('%s.%s', sc = %p, loc = %s)\n", parent->toChars(), toChars(), sc, loc.toChars());
    //fflush(stdout);
}

void FuncDeclaration::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    //printf("FuncDeclaration::toCBuffer() '%s'\n", toChars());

    StorageClassDeclaration::stcToCBuffer(buf, storage_class);
    type->toCBuffer(buf, ident, hgs);
    bodyToCBuffer(buf, hgs);
}

int FuncDeclaration::equals(Object *o)
{
    if (this == o)
        return TRUE;

    Dsymbol *s = isDsymbol(o);
    if (s)
    {
        FuncDeclaration *fd = s->isFuncDeclaration();
        if (fd)
        {
            return toParent()->equals(fd->toParent()) &&
                ident->equals(fd->ident) && type->equals(fd->type);
        }
    }
    return FALSE;
}

void FuncDeclaration::bodyToCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    if (fbody &&
        (!hgs->hdrgen || hgs->tpltMember || canInline(1,1))
       )
    {   buf->writenl();

        // in{}
        if (frequire)
        {   buf->writestring("in");
            buf->writenl();
            frequire->toCBuffer(buf, hgs);
        }

        // out{}
        if (fensure)
        {   buf->writestring("out");
            if (outId)
            {   buf->writebyte('(');
                buf->writestring(outId->toChars());
                buf->writebyte(')');
            }
            buf->writenl();
            fensure->toCBuffer(buf, hgs);
        }

        if (frequire || fensure)
        {   buf->writestring("body");
            buf->writenl();
        }

        buf->writebyte('{');
        buf->writenl();
        fbody->toCBuffer(buf, hgs);
        buf->writebyte('}');
        buf->writenl();
    }
    else
    {   buf->writeByte(';');
        buf->writenl();
    }
}

/****************************************************
 * Merge into this function the 'in' contracts of all it overrides.
 * 'in's are OR'd together, i.e. only one of them needs to pass.
 */

Statement *FuncDeclaration::mergeFrequire(Statement *sf)
{
    /* Implementing this is done by having the overriding function call
     * nested functions (the fdrequire functions) nested inside the overridden
     * function. This requires that the stack layout of the calling function's
     * parameters and 'this' pointer be in the same place (as the nested
     * function refers to them).
     * This is easy for the parameters, as they are all on the stack in the same
     * place by definition, since it's an overriding function. The problem is
     * getting the 'this' pointer in the same place, since it is a local variable.
     * We did some hacks in the code generator to make this happen:
     *  1. always generate exception handler frame, or at least leave space for it
     *     in the frame (Windows 32 SEH only)
     *  2. always generate an EBP style frame
     *  3. since 'this' is passed in a register that is subsequently copied into
     *     a stack local, allocate that local immediately following the exception
     *     handler block, so it is always at the same offset from EBP.
     */
    for (int i = 0; i < foverrides.dim; i++)
    {
        FuncDeclaration *fdv = (FuncDeclaration *)foverrides.data[i];

        /* The semantic pass on the contracts of the overridden functions must
         * be completed before code generation occurs (bug 3602).
         */
        if (fdv->fdrequire && fdv->fdrequire->semanticRun != PASSsemantic3done)
        {
            assert(fdv->scope);
            Scope *sc = fdv->scope->push();
            sc->stc &= ~STCoverride;
            fdv->semantic3(sc);
            sc->pop();
        }

        sf = fdv->mergeFrequire(sf);
        if (fdv->fdrequire)
        {
            //printf("fdv->frequire: %s\n", fdv->frequire->toChars());
            /* Make the call:
             *   try { __require(); }
             *   catch { frequire; }
             */
            Expression *eresult = NULL;
            Expression *e = new CallExp(loc, new VarExp(loc, fdv->fdrequire, 0), eresult);
            Statement *s2 = new ExpStatement(loc, e);

            if (sf)
            {   Catch *c = new Catch(loc, NULL, NULL, sf);
                Array *catches = new Array();
                catches->push(c);
                sf = new TryCatchStatement(loc, s2, catches);
            }
            else
                sf = s2;
        }
    }
    return sf;
}

/****************************************************
 * Merge into this function the 'out' contracts of all it overrides.
 * 'out's are AND'd together, i.e. all of them need to pass.
 */

Statement *FuncDeclaration::mergeFensure(Statement *sf)
{
    /* Same comments as for mergeFrequire(), except that we take care
     * of generating a consistent reference to the 'result' local by
     * explicitly passing 'result' to the nested function as a reference
     * argument.
     * This won't work for the 'this' parameter as it would require changing
     * the semantic code for the nested function so that it looks on the parameter
     * list for the 'this' pointer, something that would need an unknown amount
     * of tweaking of various parts of the compiler that I'd rather leave alone.
     */
    for (int i = 0; i < foverrides.dim; i++)
    {
        FuncDeclaration *fdv = (FuncDeclaration *)foverrides.data[i];

        /* The semantic pass on the contracts of the overridden functions must
         * be completed before code generation occurs (bug 3602 and 5230).
         */
        if (fdv->fdensure && fdv->fdensure->semanticRun != PASSsemantic3done)
        {
            assert(fdv->scope);
            Scope *sc = fdv->scope->push();
            sc->stc &= ~STCoverride;
            fdv->semantic3(sc);
            sc->pop();
        }

        sf = fdv->mergeFensure(sf);
        if (fdv->fdensure)
        {
            //printf("fdv->fensure: %s\n", fdv->fensure->toChars());
            // Make the call: __ensure(result)
            Expression *eresult = NULL;
            if (outId)
                eresult = new IdentifierExp(loc, outId);
            Expression *e = new CallExp(loc, new VarExp(loc, fdv->fdensure, 0), eresult);
            Statement *s2 = new ExpStatement(loc, e);

            if (sf)
            {
                sf = new CompoundStatement(fensure->loc, s2, sf);
            }
            else
                sf = s2;
        }
    }
    return sf;
}

/****************************************************
 * Determine if 'this' overrides fd.
 * Return !=0 if it does.
 */

int FuncDeclaration::overrides(FuncDeclaration *fd)
{   int result = 0;

    if (fd->ident == ident)
    {
        int cov = type->covariant(fd->type);
        if (cov)
        {   ClassDeclaration *cd1 = toParent()->isClassDeclaration();
            ClassDeclaration *cd2 = fd->toParent()->isClassDeclaration();

            if (cd1 && cd2 && cd2->isBaseOf(cd1, NULL))
                result = 1;
        }
    }
    return result;
}

/*************************************************
 * Find index of function in vtbl[0..dim] that
 * this function overrides.
 * Prefer an exact match to a covariant one.
 * Returns:
 *      -1      didn't find one
 *      -2      can't determine because of forward references
 */

int FuncDeclaration::findVtblIndex(Array *vtbl, int dim)
{
    FuncDeclaration *mismatch = NULL;
    int bestvi = -1;
    for (int vi = 0; vi < dim; vi++)
    {
        FuncDeclaration *fdv = ((Dsymbol *)vtbl->data[vi])->isFuncDeclaration();
        if (fdv && fdv->ident == ident)
        {
            if (type->equals(fdv->type))        // if exact match
                return vi;                      // no need to look further

            int cov = type->covariant(fdv->type);
            //printf("\tbaseclass cov = %d\n", cov);
            switch (cov)
            {
                case 0:         // types are distinct
                    break;

                case 1:
                    bestvi = vi;        // covariant, but not identical
                    break;              // keep looking for an exact match

                case 2:
                    mismatch = fdv;     // overrides, but is not covariant
                    break;              // keep looking for an exact match

                case 3:
                    return -2;  // forward references

                default:
                    assert(0);
            }
        }
    }
    if (bestvi == -1 && mismatch)
    {
        //type->print();
        //mismatch->type->print();
        //printf("%s %s\n", type->deco, mismatch->type->deco);
        error("of type %s overrides but is not covariant with %s of type %s",
            type->toChars(), mismatch->toPrettyChars(), mismatch->type->toChars());
    }
    return bestvi;
}

/****************************************************
 * Overload this FuncDeclaration with the new one f.
 * Return !=0 if successful; i.e. no conflict.
 */

int FuncDeclaration::overloadInsert(Dsymbol *s)
{
    FuncDeclaration *f;
    AliasDeclaration *a;

    //printf("FuncDeclaration::overloadInsert(s = %s) this = %s\n", s->toChars(), toChars());
    a = s->isAliasDeclaration();
    if (a)
    {
        if (overnext)
            return overnext->overloadInsert(a);
        if (!a->aliassym && a->type->ty != Tident && a->type->ty != Tinstance)
        {
            //printf("\ta = '%s'\n", a->type->toChars());
            return FALSE;
        }
        overnext = a;
        //printf("\ttrue: no conflict\n");
        return TRUE;
    }
    f = s->isFuncDeclaration();
    if (!f)
        return FALSE;

#if 0
    /* Disable this check because:
     *  const void foo();
     * semantic() isn't run yet on foo(), so the const hasn't been
     * applied yet.
     */
    if (type)
    {   printf("type = %s\n", type->toChars());
        printf("f->type = %s\n", f->type->toChars());
    }
    if (type && f->type &&      // can be NULL for overloaded constructors
        f->type->covariant(type) &&
        f->type->mod == type->mod &&
        !isFuncAliasDeclaration())
    {
        //printf("\tfalse: conflict %s\n", kind());
        return FALSE;
    }
#endif

    if (overnext)
        return overnext->overloadInsert(f);
    overnext = f;
    //printf("\ttrue: no conflict\n");
    return TRUE;
}

/********************************************
 * Find function in overload list that exactly matches t.
 */

/***************************************************
 * Visit each overloaded function in turn, and call
 * (*fp)(param, f) on it.
 * Exit when no more, or (*fp)(param, f) returns 1.
 * Returns:
 *      0       continue
 *      1       done
 */

int overloadApply(FuncDeclaration *fstart,
        int (*fp)(void *, FuncDeclaration *),
        void *param)
{
    FuncDeclaration *f;
    Declaration *d;
    Declaration *next;

    for (d = fstart; d; d = next)
    {   FuncAliasDeclaration *fa = d->isFuncAliasDeclaration();

        if (fa)
        {
            if (overloadApply(fa->funcalias, fp, param))
                return 1;
            next = fa->overnext;
        }
        else
        {
            AliasDeclaration *a = d->isAliasDeclaration();

            if (a)
            {
                Dsymbol *s = a->toAlias();
                next = s->isDeclaration();
                if (next == a)
                    break;
                if (next == fstart)
                    break;
            }
            else
            {
                f = d->isFuncDeclaration();
                if (!f)
                {   d->error("is aliased to a function");
                    break;              // BUG: should print error message?
                }
                if ((*fp)(param, f))
                    return 1;

                next = f->overnext;
            }
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

/********************************************
 * If there are no overloads of function f, return that function,
 * otherwise return NULL.
 */

static int fpunique(void *param, FuncDeclaration *f)
{   FuncDeclaration **pf = (FuncDeclaration **)param;

    if (*pf)
    {   *pf = NULL;
        return 1;               // ambiguous, done
    }
    else
    {   *pf = f;
        return 0;
    }
}

FuncDeclaration *FuncDeclaration::isUnique()
{   FuncDeclaration *result = NULL;

    overloadApply(this, &fpunique, &result);
    return result;
}

/********************************************
 * Find function in overload list that exactly matches t.
 */

struct Param1
{
    Type *t;            // type to match
    FuncDeclaration *f; // return value
};

int fp1(void *param, FuncDeclaration *f)
{   Param1 *p = (Param1 *)param;
    Type *t = p->t;

    if (t->equals(f->type))
    {   p->f = f;
        return 1;
    }

#if DMDV2
    /* Allow covariant matches, as long as the return type
     * is just a const conversion.
     * This allows things like pure functions to match with an impure function type.
     */
    if (t->ty == Tfunction)
    {   TypeFunction *tf = (TypeFunction *)f->type;
        if (tf->covariant(t) == 1 &&
            tf->nextOf()->implicitConvTo(t->nextOf()) >= MATCHconst)
        {
            p->f = f;
            return 1;
        }
    }
#endif
    return 0;
}

FuncDeclaration *FuncDeclaration::overloadExactMatch(Type *t)
{
    Param1 p;
    p.t = t;
    p.f = NULL;
    overloadApply(this, &fp1, &p);
    return p.f;
}


/********************************************
 * Decide which function matches the arguments best.
 */

struct Param2
{
    Match *m;
#if DMDV2
    Expression *ethis;
    int property;       // 0: unintialized
                        // 1: seen @property
                        // 2: not @property
#endif
    Expressions *arguments;
};

int fp2(void *param, FuncDeclaration *f)
{   Param2 *p = (Param2 *)param;
    Match *m = p->m;
    Expressions *arguments = p->arguments;
    MATCH match;

    if (f != m->lastf)          // skip duplicates
    {
        m->anyf = f;
        TypeFunction *tf = (TypeFunction *)f->type;

        int property = (tf->isproperty) ? 1 : 2;
        if (p->property == 0)
            p->property = property;
        else if (p->property != property)
            error(f->loc, "cannot overload both property and non-property functions");

        /* For constructors, don't worry about the right type of ethis. It's a problem
         * anyway, because the constructor attribute may not match the ethis attribute,
         * but we don't care because the attribute on the ethis doesn't matter until
         * after it's constructed.
         */
        match = (MATCH) tf->callMatch(f->needThis() && !f->isCtorDeclaration() ? p->ethis : NULL, arguments);
        //printf("test1: match = %d\n", match);
        if (match != MATCHnomatch)
        {
            if (match > m->last)
                goto LfIsBetter;

            if (match < m->last)
                goto LlastIsBetter;

            /* See if one of the matches overrides the other.
             */
            if (m->lastf->overrides(f))
                goto LlastIsBetter;
            else if (f->overrides(m->lastf))
                goto LfIsBetter;

#if DMDV2
            /* Try to disambiguate using template-style partial ordering rules.
             * In essence, if f() and g() are ambiguous, if f() can call g(),
             * but g() cannot call f(), then pick f().
             * This is because f() is "more specialized."
             */
            {
            MATCH c1 = f->leastAsSpecialized(m->lastf);
            MATCH c2 = m->lastf->leastAsSpecialized(f);
            //printf("c1 = %d, c2 = %d\n", c1, c2);
            if (c1 > c2)
                goto LfIsBetter;
            if (c1 < c2)
                goto LlastIsBetter;
            }
#endif
        Lambiguous:
            m->nextf = f;
            m->count++;
            return 0;

        LfIsBetter:
            m->last = match;
            m->lastf = f;
            m->count = 1;
            return 0;

        LlastIsBetter:
            return 0;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}


void overloadResolveX(Match *m, FuncDeclaration *fstart,
        Expression *ethis, Expressions *arguments)
{
    Param2 p;
    p.m = m;
    p.ethis = ethis;
    p.property = 0;
    p.arguments = arguments;
    overloadApply(fstart, &fp2, &p);
}


FuncDeclaration *FuncDeclaration::overloadResolve(Loc loc, Expression *ethis, Expressions *arguments, int flags)
{
    TypeFunction *tf;
    Match m;

#if 0
printf("FuncDeclaration::overloadResolve('%s')\n", toChars());
if (arguments)
{   int i;

    for (i = 0; i < arguments->dim; i++)
    {   Expression *arg;

        arg = (Expression *)arguments->data[i];
        assert(arg->type);
        printf("\t%s: ", arg->toChars());
        arg->type->print();
    }
}
#endif

    memset(&m, 0, sizeof(m));
    m.last = MATCHnomatch;
    overloadResolveX(&m, this, ethis, arguments);

    if (m.count == 1)           // exactly one match
    {
        return m.lastf;
    }
    else
    {
        OutBuffer buf;

        buf.writeByte('(');
        if (arguments)
        {
            HdrGenState hgs;

            argExpTypesToCBuffer(&buf, arguments, &hgs);
            buf.writeByte(')');
            if (ethis)
                ethis->type->modToBuffer(&buf);
        }
        else
            buf.writeByte(')');

        if (m.last == MATCHnomatch)
        {
            if (flags & 1)              // if do not print error messages
                return NULL;            // no match

            tf = (TypeFunction *)type;

            OutBuffer buf2;
            tf->modToBuffer(&buf2);

            //printf("tf = %s, args = %s\n", tf->deco, ((Expression *)arguments->data[0])->type->deco);
            error(loc, "%s%s is not callable using argument types %s",
                Parameter::argsTypesToChars(tf->parameters, tf->varargs),
                buf2.toChars(),
                buf.toChars());
            return m.anyf;              // as long as it's not a FuncAliasDeclaration
        }
        else
        {
#if 1
            TypeFunction *t1 = (TypeFunction *)m.lastf->type;
            TypeFunction *t2 = (TypeFunction *)m.nextf->type;

            error(loc, "called with argument types:\n\t(%s)\nmatches both:\n\t%s%s\nand:\n\t%s%s",
                    buf.toChars(),
                    m.lastf->toPrettyChars(), Parameter::argsTypesToChars(t1->parameters, t1->varargs),
                    m.nextf->toPrettyChars(), Parameter::argsTypesToChars(t2->parameters, t2->varargs));
#else
            error(loc, "overloads %s and %s both match argument list for %s",
                    m.lastf->type->toChars(),
                    m.nextf->type->toChars(),
                    m.lastf->toChars());
#endif
            return m.lastf;
        }
    }
}

/*************************************
 * Determine partial specialization order of 'this' vs g.
 * This is very similar to TemplateDeclaration::leastAsSpecialized().
 * Returns:
 *      match   'this' is at least as specialized as g
 *      0       g is more specialized than 'this'
 */

#if DMDV2
MATCH FuncDeclaration::leastAsSpecialized(FuncDeclaration *g)
{
#define LOG_LEASTAS     0

#if LOG_LEASTAS
    printf("%s.leastAsSpecialized(%s)\n", toChars(), g->toChars());
    printf("%s, %s\n", type->toChars(), g->type->toChars());
#endif

    /* This works by calling g() with f()'s parameters, and
     * if that is possible, then f() is at least as specialized
     * as g() is.
     */

    TypeFunction *tf = (TypeFunction *)type;
    TypeFunction *tg = (TypeFunction *)g->type;
    size_t nfparams = Parameter::dim(tf->parameters);
    size_t ngparams = Parameter::dim(tg->parameters);
    MATCH match = MATCHexact;

    /* If both functions have a 'this' pointer, and the mods are not
     * the same and g's is not const, then this is less specialized.
     */
    if (needThis() && g->needThis())
    {
        if (tf->mod != tg->mod)
        {
            if (tg->mod == MODconst)
                match = MATCHconst;
            else
                return MATCHnomatch;
        }
    }

    /* Create a dummy array of arguments out of the parameters to f()
     */
    Expressions args;
    args.setDim(nfparams);
    for (int u = 0; u < nfparams; u++)
    {
        Parameter *p = Parameter::getNth(tf->parameters, u);
        Expression *e;
        if (p->storageClass & (STCref | STCout))
        {
            e = new IdentifierExp(0, p->ident);
            e->type = p->type;
        }
        else
            e = p->type->defaultInit();
        args.data[u] = e;
    }

    MATCH m = (MATCH) tg->callMatch(NULL, &args, 1);
    if (m)
    {
        /* A variadic parameter list is less specialized than a
         * non-variadic one.
         */
        if (tf->varargs && !tg->varargs)
            goto L1;    // less specialized

#if LOG_LEASTAS
        printf("  matches %d, so is least as specialized\n", m);
#endif
        return m;
    }
  L1:
#if LOG_LEASTAS
    printf("  doesn't match, so is not as specialized\n");
#endif
    return MATCHnomatch;
}

/*******************************************
 * Given a symbol that could be either a FuncDeclaration or
 * a function template, resolve it to a function symbol.
 *      sc              instantiation scope
 *      loc             instantiation location
 *      targsi          initial list of template arguments
 *      ethis           if !NULL, the 'this' pointer argument
 *      fargs           arguments to function
 *      flags           1: do not issue error message on no match, just return NULL
 */

FuncDeclaration *resolveFuncCall(Scope *sc, Loc loc, Dsymbol *s,
        Objects *tiargs,
        Expression *ethis,
        Expressions *arguments,
        int flags)
{
    if (!s)
        return NULL;                    // no match
    FuncDeclaration *f = s->isFuncDeclaration();
    if (f)
        f = f->overloadResolve(loc, ethis, arguments);
    else
    {   TemplateDeclaration *td = s->isTemplateDeclaration();
        assert(td);
        f = td->deduceFunctionTemplate(sc, loc, tiargs, NULL, arguments, flags);
    }
    return f;
}
#endif

/********************************
 * Labels are in a separate scope, one per function.
 */

LabelDsymbol *FuncDeclaration::searchLabel(Identifier *ident)
{   Dsymbol *s;

    if (!labtab)
        labtab = new DsymbolTable();    // guess we need one

    s = labtab->lookup(ident);
    if (!s)
    {
        s = new LabelDsymbol(ident);
        labtab->insert(s);
    }
    return (LabelDsymbol *)s;
}

/****************************************
 * If non-static member function that has a 'this' pointer,
 * return the aggregate it is a member of.
 * Otherwise, return NULL.
 */

AggregateDeclaration *FuncDeclaration::isThis()
{   AggregateDeclaration *ad;

    //printf("+FuncDeclaration::isThis() '%s'\n", toChars());
    ad = NULL;
    if ((storage_class & STCstatic) == 0)
    {
        ad = isMember2();
    }
    //printf("-FuncDeclaration::isThis() %p\n", ad);
    return ad;
}

AggregateDeclaration *FuncDeclaration::isMember2()
{   AggregateDeclaration *ad;

    //printf("+FuncDeclaration::isMember2() '%s'\n", toChars());
    ad = NULL;
    for (Dsymbol *s = this; s; s = s->parent)
    {
//printf("\ts = '%s', parent = '%s', kind = %s\n", s->toChars(), s->parent->toChars(), s->parent->kind());
        ad = s->isMember();
        if (ad)
{
            break;
}
        if (!s->parent ||
            (!s->parent->isTemplateInstance()))
{
            break;
}
    }
    //printf("-FuncDeclaration::isMember2() %p\n", ad);
    return ad;
}

/*****************************************
 * Determine lexical level difference from 'this' to nested function 'fd'.
 * Error if this cannot call fd.
 * Returns:
 *      0       same level
 *      -1      increase nesting by 1 (fd is nested within 'this')
 *      >0      decrease nesting by number
 */

int FuncDeclaration::getLevel(Loc loc, FuncDeclaration *fd)
{   int level;
    Dsymbol *s;
    Dsymbol *fdparent;

    //printf("FuncDeclaration::getLevel(fd = '%s')\n", fd->toChars());
    fdparent = fd->toParent2();
    if (fdparent == this)
        return -1;
    s = this;
    level = 0;
    while (fd != s && fdparent != s->toParent2())
    {
        //printf("\ts = %s, '%s'\n", s->kind(), s->toChars());
        FuncDeclaration *thisfd = s->isFuncDeclaration();
        if (thisfd)
        {   if (!thisfd->isNested() && !thisfd->vthis)
                goto Lerr;
        }
        else
        {
            AggregateDeclaration *thiscd = s->isAggregateDeclaration();
            if (thiscd)
            {   if (!thiscd->isNested())
                    goto Lerr;
            }
            else
                goto Lerr;
        }

        s = s->toParent2();
        assert(s);
        level++;
    }
    return level;

Lerr:
    error(loc, "cannot access frame of function %s", fd->toPrettyChars());
    return 1;
}

void FuncDeclaration::appendExp(Expression *e)
{   Statement *s;

    s = new ExpStatement(0, e);
    appendState(s);
}

void FuncDeclaration::appendState(Statement *s)
{
    if (!fbody)
        fbody = s;
    else
    {
        CompoundStatement *cs = fbody->isCompoundStatement();
        if (cs)
        {
            if (!cs->statements)
                fbody = s;
            else
                cs->statements->push(s);
        }
        else
            fbody = new CompoundStatement(0, fbody, s);
    }
}

const char *FuncDeclaration::toPrettyChars()
{
    if (isMain())
        return "D main";
    else
        return Dsymbol::toPrettyChars();
}

int FuncDeclaration::isMain()
{
    return ident == Id::main &&
        linkage != LINKc && !isMember() && !isNested();
}

int FuncDeclaration::isWinMain()
{
    //printf("FuncDeclaration::isWinMain() %s\n", toChars());
#if 0
    int x = ident == Id::WinMain &&
        linkage != LINKc && !isMember();
    printf("%s\n", x ? "yes" : "no");
    return x;
#else
    return ident == Id::WinMain &&
        linkage != LINKc && !isMember();
#endif
}

int FuncDeclaration::isDllMain()
{
    return ident == Id::DllMain &&
        linkage != LINKc && !isMember();
}

int FuncDeclaration::isExport()
{
    return protection == PROTexport;
}

int FuncDeclaration::isImportedSymbol()
{
    //printf("isImportedSymbol()\n");
    //printf("protection = %d\n", protection);
    return (protection == PROTexport) && !fbody;
}

// Determine if function goes into virtual function pointer table

int FuncDeclaration::isVirtual()
{
#if 0
    printf("FuncDeclaration::isVirtual(%s)\n", toChars());
    printf("isMember:%p isStatic:%d private:%d ctor:%d !Dlinkage:%d\n", isMember(), isStatic(), protection == PROTprivate, isCtorDeclaration(), linkage != LINKd);
    printf("result is %d\n",
        isMember() &&
        !(isStatic() || protection == PROTprivate || protection == PROTpackage) &&
        toParent()->isClassDeclaration());
#endif
    Dsymbol *p = toParent();
    return isMember() &&
        !(isStatic() || protection == PROTprivate || protection == PROTpackage) &&
        p->isClassDeclaration() &&
        !(p->isInterfaceDeclaration() && isFinal());
}

int FuncDeclaration::isFinal()
{
    ClassDeclaration *cd;
#if 0
    printf("FuncDeclaration::isFinal(%s), %x\n", toChars(), Declaration::isFinal());
    printf("%p %d %d %d\n", isMember(), isStatic(), Declaration::isFinal(), ((cd = toParent()->isClassDeclaration()) != NULL && cd->storage_class & STCfinal));
    printf("result is %d\n",
        isMember() &&
        (Declaration::isFinal() ||
         ((cd = toParent()->isClassDeclaration()) != NULL && cd->storage_class & STCfinal)));
    if (cd)
        printf("\tmember of %s\n", cd->toChars());
#if 0
        !(isStatic() || protection == PROTprivate || protection == PROTpackage) &&
        (cd = toParent()->isClassDeclaration()) != NULL &&
        cd->storage_class & STCfinal);
#endif
#endif
    return isMember() &&
        (Declaration::isFinal() ||
         ((cd = toParent()->isClassDeclaration()) != NULL && cd->storage_class & STCfinal));
}

int FuncDeclaration::isAbstract()
{
    return storage_class & STCabstract;
}

int FuncDeclaration::isCodeseg()
{
    return TRUE;                // functions are always in the code segment
}

int FuncDeclaration::isOverloadable()
{
    return 1;                   // functions can be overloaded
}

enum PURE FuncDeclaration::isPure()
{
    //printf("FuncDeclaration::isPure() '%s'\n", toChars());
    assert(type->ty == Tfunction);
    TypeFunction *tf = (TypeFunction *)type;
    enum PURE purity = tf->purity;
    if (purity == PUREfwdref)
        tf->purityLevel();
    if (purity > PUREweak && needThis())
    {   // The attribute of the 'this' reference affects purity strength
        if (type->mod & (MODimmutable | MODwild))
            ;
        else if (type->mod & MODconst && purity >= PUREconst)
            purity = PUREconst;
        else
            purity = PUREweak;
    }
    return purity;
}

int FuncDeclaration::isSafe()
{
    assert(type->ty == Tfunction);
    return ((TypeFunction *)type)->trust == TRUSTsafe;
}

int FuncDeclaration::isTrusted()
{
    assert(type->ty == Tfunction);
    return ((TypeFunction *)type)->trust == TRUSTtrusted;
}

// Determine if function needs
// a static frame pointer to its lexically enclosing function

int FuncDeclaration::isNested()
{
    //if (!toParent())
        //printf("FuncDeclaration::isNested('%s') parent=%p\n", toChars(), parent);
    //printf("\ttoParent2() = '%s'\n", toParent2()->toChars());
    return ((storage_class & STCstatic) == 0) &&
           (toParent2()->isFuncDeclaration() != NULL);
}

int FuncDeclaration::needThis()
{
    //printf("FuncDeclaration::needThis() '%s'\n", toChars());
    int i = isThis() != NULL;
    //printf("\t%d\n", i);
    if (!i && isFuncAliasDeclaration())
        i = ((FuncAliasDeclaration *)this)->funcalias->needThis();
    return i;
}

int FuncDeclaration::addPreInvariant()
{
    AggregateDeclaration *ad = isThis();
    return (ad &&
            //ad->isClassDeclaration() &&
            global.params.useInvariants &&
            (protection == PROTpublic || protection == PROTexport) &&
            !naked &&
            ident != Id::cpctor);
}

int FuncDeclaration::addPostInvariant()
{
    AggregateDeclaration *ad = isThis();
    return (ad &&
            ad->inv &&
            //ad->isClassDeclaration() &&
            global.params.useInvariants &&
            (protection == PROTpublic || protection == PROTexport) &&
            !naked &&
            ident != Id::cpctor);
}

/**********************************
 * Generate a FuncDeclaration for a runtime library function.
 */

FuncDeclaration *FuncDeclaration::genCfunc(Type *treturn, const char *name)
{
    return genCfunc(treturn, Lexer::idPool(name));
}

FuncDeclaration *FuncDeclaration::genCfunc(Type *treturn, Identifier *id)
{
    FuncDeclaration *fd;
    TypeFunction *tf;
    Dsymbol *s;
    static DsymbolTable *st = NULL;

    //printf("genCfunc(name = '%s')\n", id->toChars());
    //printf("treturn\n\t"); treturn->print();

    // See if already in table
    if (!st)
        st = new DsymbolTable();
    s = st->lookup(id);
    if (s)
    {
        fd = s->isFuncDeclaration();
        assert(fd);
        assert(fd->type->nextOf()->equals(treturn));
    }
    else
    {
        tf = new TypeFunction(NULL, treturn, 0, LINKc);
        fd = new FuncDeclaration(0, 0, id, STCstatic, tf);
        fd->protection = PROTpublic;
        fd->linkage = LINKc;

        st->insert(fd);
    }
    return fd;
}

const char *FuncDeclaration::kind()
{
    return "function";
}

/*******************************
 * Look at all the variables in this function that are referenced
 * by nested functions, and determine if a closure needs to be
 * created for them.
 */

#if DMDV2
int FuncDeclaration::needsClosure()
{
    /* Need a closure for all the closureVars[] if any of the
     * closureVars[] are accessed by a
     * function that escapes the scope of this function.
     * We take the conservative approach and decide that any function that:
     * 1) is a virtual function
     * 2) has its address taken
     * 3) has a parent that escapes
     *
     * Note that since a non-virtual function can be called by
     * a virtual one, if that non-virtual function accesses a closure
     * var, the closure still has to be taken. Hence, we check for isThis()
     * instead of isVirtual(). (thanks to David Friedman)
     */

    //printf("FuncDeclaration::needsClosure() %s\n", toChars());
    for (int i = 0; i < closureVars.dim; i++)
    {   VarDeclaration *v = (VarDeclaration *)closureVars.data[i];
        assert(v->isVarDeclaration());
        //printf("\tv = %s\n", v->toChars());

        for (int j = 0; j < v->nestedrefs.dim; j++)
        {   FuncDeclaration *f = (FuncDeclaration *)v->nestedrefs.data[j];
            assert(f != this);

            //printf("\t\tf = %s, %d, %p, %d\n", f->toChars(), f->isVirtual(), f->isThis(), f->tookAddressOf);
            if (f->isThis() || f->tookAddressOf)
                goto Lyes;      // assume f escapes this function's scope

            // Look to see if any parents of f that are below this escape
            for (Dsymbol *s = f->parent; s && s != this; s = s->parent)
            {
                f = s->isFuncDeclaration();
                if (f && (f->isThis() || f->tookAddressOf))
                    goto Lyes;
            }
        }
    }
    return 0;

Lyes:
    //printf("\tneeds closure\n");
    return 1;
}
#endif

/*********************************************
 * Return the function's parameter list, and whether
 * it is variadic or not.
 */

Parameters *FuncDeclaration::getParameters(int *pvarargs)
{   Parameters *fparameters;
    int fvarargs;

    if (type)
    {
        assert(type->ty == Tfunction);
        TypeFunction *fdtype = (TypeFunction *)type;
        fparameters = fdtype->parameters;
        fvarargs = fdtype->varargs;
    }
    else // Constructors don't have type's
    {   CtorDeclaration *fctor = isCtorDeclaration();
        assert(fctor);
        fparameters = fctor->arguments;
        fvarargs = fctor->varargs;
    }
    if (pvarargs)
        *pvarargs = fvarargs;
    return fparameters;
}


/****************************** FuncAliasDeclaration ************************/

// Used as a way to import a set of functions from another scope into this one.

FuncAliasDeclaration::FuncAliasDeclaration(FuncDeclaration *funcalias)
    : FuncDeclaration(funcalias->loc, funcalias->endloc, funcalias->ident,
        funcalias->storage_class, funcalias->type)
{
    assert(funcalias != this);
    this->funcalias = funcalias;
}

const char *FuncAliasDeclaration::kind()
{
    return "function alias";
}


/****************************** FuncLiteralDeclaration ************************/

FuncLiteralDeclaration::FuncLiteralDeclaration(Loc loc, Loc endloc, Type *type,
        enum TOK tok, ForeachStatement *fes)
    : FuncDeclaration(loc, endloc, NULL, STCundefined, type)
{
    const char *id;

    if (fes)
        id = "__foreachbody";
    else if (tok == TOKdelegate)
        id = "__dgliteral";
    else
        id = "__funcliteral";
    this->ident = Lexer::uniqueId(id);
    this->tok = tok;
    this->fes = fes;
    //printf("FuncLiteralDeclaration() id = '%s', type = '%s'\n", this->ident->toChars(), type->toChars());
}

Dsymbol *FuncLiteralDeclaration::syntaxCopy(Dsymbol *s)
{
    FuncLiteralDeclaration *f;

    //printf("FuncLiteralDeclaration::syntaxCopy('%s')\n", toChars());
    if (s)
        f = (FuncLiteralDeclaration *)s;
    else
    {   f = new FuncLiteralDeclaration(loc, endloc, type->syntaxCopy(), tok, fes);
        f->ident = ident;               // keep old identifier
    }
    FuncDeclaration::syntaxCopy(f);
    return f;
}

int FuncLiteralDeclaration::isNested()
{
    //printf("FuncLiteralDeclaration::isNested() '%s'\n", toChars());
    return (tok == TOKdelegate);
}

int FuncLiteralDeclaration::isVirtual()
{
    return FALSE;
}

const char *FuncLiteralDeclaration::kind()
{
    // GCC requires the (char*) casts
    return (tok == TOKdelegate) ? (char*)"delegate" : (char*)"function";
}

void FuncLiteralDeclaration::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring(kind());
    buf->writeByte(' ');
    type->toCBuffer(buf, NULL, hgs);
    bodyToCBuffer(buf, hgs);
}


/********************************* CtorDeclaration ****************************/

CtorDeclaration::CtorDeclaration(Loc loc, Loc endloc, Parameters *arguments, int varargs, StorageClass stc)
    : FuncDeclaration(loc, endloc, Id::ctor, stc, NULL)
{
    this->arguments = arguments;
    this->varargs = varargs;
    //printf("CtorDeclaration(loc = %s) %s\n", loc.toChars(), toChars());
}

Dsymbol *CtorDeclaration::syntaxCopy(Dsymbol *s)
{
    CtorDeclaration *f = new CtorDeclaration(loc, endloc, NULL, varargs, storage_class);

    f->outId = outId;
    f->frequire = frequire ? frequire->syntaxCopy() : NULL;
    f->fensure  = fensure  ? fensure->syntaxCopy()  : NULL;
    f->fbody    = fbody    ? fbody->syntaxCopy()    : NULL;
    assert(!fthrows); // deprecated

    f->arguments = Parameter::arraySyntaxCopy(arguments);
    return f;
}


void CtorDeclaration::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    //printf("CtorDeclaration::semantic() %s\n", toChars());
    sc = sc->push();
    sc->stc &= ~STCstatic;              // not a static constructor

    parent = sc->parent;
    Dsymbol *parent = toParent2();
    Type *tret;
    AggregateDeclaration *ad = parent->isAggregateDeclaration();
    if (!ad || parent->isUnionDeclaration())
    {
        error("constructors are only for class or struct definitions");
        tret = Type::tvoid;
    }
    else
    {   tret = ad->handle;
        assert(tret);
        tret = tret->addStorageClass(storage_class | sc->stc);
    }
    if (!type)
        type = new TypeFunction(arguments, tret, varargs, LINKd, storage_class | sc->stc);

#if STRUCTTHISREF
    if (ad && ad->isStructDeclaration())
    {   ((TypeFunction *)type)->isref = 1;
        if (!originalType)
            // Leave off the "ref"
            originalType = new TypeFunction(arguments, tret, varargs, LINKd, storage_class | sc->stc);
    }
#endif
    if (!originalType)
        originalType = type;

    // Append:
    //  return this;
    // to the function body
    if (fbody && semanticRun < PASSsemantic)
    {
        Expression *e = new ThisExp(loc);
        if (parent->isClassDeclaration())
            e->type = tret;
        Statement *s = new ReturnStatement(loc, e);
        fbody = new CompoundStatement(loc, fbody, s);
    }

    FuncDeclaration::semantic(sc);

    sc->pop();

    // See if it's the default constructor
    if (ad && varargs == 0 && Parameter::dim(arguments) == 0)
    {   if (ad->isStructDeclaration())
            error("default constructor not allowed for structs");
        else
            ad->defaultCtor = this;
    }
}

const char *CtorDeclaration::kind()
{
    return "constructor";
}

char *CtorDeclaration::toChars()
{
    return (char *)"this";
}

int CtorDeclaration::isVirtual()
{
    return FALSE;
}

int CtorDeclaration::addPreInvariant()
{
    return FALSE;
}

int CtorDeclaration::addPostInvariant()
{
    return (isThis() && vthis && global.params.useInvariants);
}


void CtorDeclaration::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    if (originalType && originalType->ty == Tfunction)
        ((TypeFunction *)originalType)->attributesToCBuffer(buf, 0);
    buf->writestring("this");
    Parameter::argsToCBuffer(buf, hgs, arguments, varargs);
    bodyToCBuffer(buf, hgs);
}

/********************************* PostBlitDeclaration ****************************/

#if DMDV2
PostBlitDeclaration::PostBlitDeclaration(Loc loc, Loc endloc)
    : FuncDeclaration(loc, endloc, Id::_postblit, STCundefined, NULL)
{
}

PostBlitDeclaration::PostBlitDeclaration(Loc loc, Loc endloc, Identifier *id)
    : FuncDeclaration(loc, endloc, id, STCundefined, NULL)
{
}

Dsymbol *PostBlitDeclaration::syntaxCopy(Dsymbol *s)
{
    assert(!s);
    PostBlitDeclaration *dd = new PostBlitDeclaration(loc, endloc, ident);
    return FuncDeclaration::syntaxCopy(dd);
}


void PostBlitDeclaration::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    //printf("PostBlitDeclaration::semantic() %s\n", toChars());
    //printf("ident: %s, %s, %p, %p\n", ident->toChars(), Id::dtor->toChars(), ident, Id::dtor);
    //printf("stc = x%llx\n", sc->stc);
    parent = sc->parent;
    Dsymbol *parent = toParent();
    StructDeclaration *ad = parent->isStructDeclaration();
    if (!ad)
    {
        error("post blits are only for struct/union definitions, not %s %s", parent->kind(), parent->toChars());
    }
    else if (ident == Id::_postblit && semanticRun < PASSsemantic)
        ad->postblits.push(this);

    if (!type)
        type = new TypeFunction(NULL, Type::tvoid, FALSE, LINKd);

    sc = sc->push();
    sc->stc &= ~STCstatic;              // not static
    sc->linkage = LINKd;

    FuncDeclaration::semantic(sc);

    sc->pop();
}

int PostBlitDeclaration::overloadInsert(Dsymbol *s)
{
    return FALSE;       // cannot overload postblits
}

int PostBlitDeclaration::addPreInvariant()
{
    return FALSE;
}

int PostBlitDeclaration::addPostInvariant()
{
    return (isThis() && vthis && global.params.useInvariants);
}

int PostBlitDeclaration::isVirtual()
{
    return FALSE;
}

void PostBlitDeclaration::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring("this(this)");
    bodyToCBuffer(buf, hgs);
}
#endif

/********************************* DtorDeclaration ****************************/

DtorDeclaration::DtorDeclaration(Loc loc, Loc endloc)
    : FuncDeclaration(loc, endloc, Id::dtor, STCundefined, NULL)
{
}

DtorDeclaration::DtorDeclaration(Loc loc, Loc endloc, Identifier *id)
    : FuncDeclaration(loc, endloc, id, STCundefined, NULL)
{
}

Dsymbol *DtorDeclaration::syntaxCopy(Dsymbol *s)
{
    assert(!s);
    DtorDeclaration *dd = new DtorDeclaration(loc, endloc, ident);
    return FuncDeclaration::syntaxCopy(dd);
}


void DtorDeclaration::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    //printf("DtorDeclaration::semantic() %s\n", toChars());
    //printf("ident: %s, %s, %p, %p\n", ident->toChars(), Id::dtor->toChars(), ident, Id::dtor);
    parent = sc->parent;
    Dsymbol *parent = toParent();
    AggregateDeclaration *ad = parent->isAggregateDeclaration();
    if (!ad)
    {
        error("destructors are only for class/struct/union definitions, not %s %s", parent->kind(), parent->toChars());
    }
    else if (ident == Id::dtor && semanticRun < PASSsemantic)
        ad->dtors.push(this);

    if (!type)
        type = new TypeFunction(NULL, Type::tvoid, FALSE, LINKd);

    sc = sc->push();
    sc->stc &= ~STCstatic;              // not a static destructor
    sc->linkage = LINKd;

    FuncDeclaration::semantic(sc);

    sc->pop();
}

int DtorDeclaration::overloadInsert(Dsymbol *s)
{
    return FALSE;       // cannot overload destructors
}

int DtorDeclaration::addPreInvariant()
{
    return (isThis() && vthis && global.params.useInvariants);
}

int DtorDeclaration::addPostInvariant()
{
    return FALSE;
}

const char *DtorDeclaration::kind()
{
    return "destructor";
}

char *DtorDeclaration::toChars()
{
    return (char *)"~this";
}

int DtorDeclaration::isVirtual()
{
    /* This should be FALSE so that dtor's don't get put into the vtbl[],
     * but doing so will require recompiling everything.
     */
#if BREAKABI
    return FALSE;
#else
    return FuncDeclaration::isVirtual();
#endif
}

void DtorDeclaration::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring("~this()");
    bodyToCBuffer(buf, hgs);
}

/********************************* StaticCtorDeclaration ****************************/

StaticCtorDeclaration::StaticCtorDeclaration(Loc loc, Loc endloc)
    : FuncDeclaration(loc, endloc,
      Identifier::generateId("_staticCtor"), STCstatic, NULL)
{
}

StaticCtorDeclaration::StaticCtorDeclaration(Loc loc, Loc endloc, const char *name)
    : FuncDeclaration(loc, endloc,
      Identifier::generateId(name), STCstatic, NULL)
{
}

Dsymbol *StaticCtorDeclaration::syntaxCopy(Dsymbol *s)
{
    assert(!s);
    StaticCtorDeclaration *scd = new StaticCtorDeclaration(loc, endloc);
    return FuncDeclaration::syntaxCopy(scd);
}


void StaticCtorDeclaration::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    //printf("StaticCtorDeclaration::semantic()\n");

    if (!type)
        type = new TypeFunction(NULL, Type::tvoid, FALSE, LINKd);

    /* If the static ctor appears within a template instantiation,
     * it could get called multiple times by the module constructors
     * for different modules. Thus, protect it with a gate.
     */
    if (inTemplateInstance() && semanticRun < PASSsemantic)
    {
        /* Add this prefix to the function:
         *      static int gate;
         *      if (++gate != 1) return;
         * Note that this is not thread safe; should not have threads
         * during static construction.
         */
        Identifier *id = Lexer::idPool("__gate");
        VarDeclaration *v = new VarDeclaration(0, Type::tint32, id, NULL);
        v->storage_class = isSharedStaticCtorDeclaration() ? STCstatic : STCtls;
        Statements *sa = new Statements();
        Statement *s = new DeclarationStatement(0, v);
        sa->push(s);
        Expression *e = new IdentifierExp(0, id);
        e = new AddAssignExp(0, e, new IntegerExp(1));
        e = new EqualExp(TOKnotequal, 0, e, new IntegerExp(1));
        s = new IfStatement(0, NULL, e, new ReturnStatement(0, NULL), NULL);
        sa->push(s);
        if (fbody)
            sa->push(fbody);
        fbody = new CompoundStatement(0, sa);
    }

    FuncDeclaration::semantic(sc);

    // We're going to need ModuleInfo
    Module *m = getModule();
    if (!m)
        m = sc->module;
    if (m)
    {   m->needmoduleinfo = 1;
        //printf("module1 %s needs moduleinfo\n", m->toChars());
#ifdef IN_GCC
        m->strictlyneedmoduleinfo = 1;
#endif
    }
}

AggregateDeclaration *StaticCtorDeclaration::isThis()
{
    return NULL;
}

int StaticCtorDeclaration::isVirtual()
{
    return FALSE;
}

int StaticCtorDeclaration::addPreInvariant()
{
    return FALSE;
}

int StaticCtorDeclaration::addPostInvariant()
{
    return FALSE;
}

void StaticCtorDeclaration::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    if (hgs->hdrgen)
    {   buf->writestring("static this();\n");
        return;
    }
    buf->writestring("static this()");
    bodyToCBuffer(buf, hgs);
}

/********************************* SharedStaticCtorDeclaration ****************************/

SharedStaticCtorDeclaration::SharedStaticCtorDeclaration(Loc loc, Loc endloc)
    : StaticCtorDeclaration(loc, endloc, "_sharedStaticCtor")
{
}

Dsymbol *SharedStaticCtorDeclaration::syntaxCopy(Dsymbol *s)
{
    assert(!s);
    SharedStaticCtorDeclaration *scd = new SharedStaticCtorDeclaration(loc, endloc);
    return FuncDeclaration::syntaxCopy(scd);
}

void SharedStaticCtorDeclaration::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring("shared ");
    StaticCtorDeclaration::toCBuffer(buf, hgs);
}

/********************************* StaticDtorDeclaration ****************************/

StaticDtorDeclaration::StaticDtorDeclaration(Loc loc, Loc endloc)
    : FuncDeclaration(loc, endloc,
      Identifier::generateId("_staticDtor"), STCstatic, NULL)
{
    vgate = NULL;
}

StaticDtorDeclaration::StaticDtorDeclaration(Loc loc, Loc endloc, const char *name)
    : FuncDeclaration(loc, endloc,
      Identifier::generateId(name), STCstatic, NULL)
{
    vgate = NULL;
}

Dsymbol *StaticDtorDeclaration::syntaxCopy(Dsymbol *s)
{
    assert(!s);
    StaticDtorDeclaration *sdd = new StaticDtorDeclaration(loc, endloc);
    return FuncDeclaration::syntaxCopy(sdd);
}


void StaticDtorDeclaration::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    ClassDeclaration *cd = sc->scopesym->isClassDeclaration();

    if (!type)
        type = new TypeFunction(NULL, Type::tvoid, FALSE, LINKd);

    /* If the static ctor appears within a template instantiation,
     * it could get called multiple times by the module constructors
     * for different modules. Thus, protect it with a gate.
     */
    if (inTemplateInstance() && semanticRun < PASSsemantic)
    {
        /* Add this prefix to the function:
         *      static int gate;
         *      if (--gate != 0) return;
         * Increment gate during constructor execution.
         * Note that this is not thread safe; should not have threads
         * during static destruction.
         */
        Identifier *id = Lexer::idPool("__gate");
        VarDeclaration *v = new VarDeclaration(0, Type::tint32, id, NULL);
        v->storage_class = isSharedStaticDtorDeclaration() ? STCstatic : STCtls;
        Statements *sa = new Statements();
        Statement *s = new DeclarationStatement(0, v);
        sa->push(s);
        Expression *e = new IdentifierExp(0, id);
        e = new AddAssignExp(0, e, new IntegerExp(-1));
        e = new EqualExp(TOKnotequal, 0, e, new IntegerExp(0));
        s = new IfStatement(0, NULL, e, new ReturnStatement(0, NULL), NULL);
        sa->push(s);
        if (fbody)
            sa->push(fbody);
        fbody = new CompoundStatement(0, sa);
        vgate = v;
    }

    FuncDeclaration::semantic(sc);

    // We're going to need ModuleInfo
    Module *m = getModule();
    if (!m)
        m = sc->module;
    if (m)
    {   m->needmoduleinfo = 1;
        //printf("module2 %s needs moduleinfo\n", m->toChars());
#ifdef IN_GCC
        m->strictlyneedmoduleinfo = 1;
#endif
    }
}

AggregateDeclaration *StaticDtorDeclaration::isThis()
{
    return NULL;
}

int StaticDtorDeclaration::isVirtual()
{
    return FALSE;
}

int StaticDtorDeclaration::addPreInvariant()
{
    return FALSE;
}

int StaticDtorDeclaration::addPostInvariant()
{
    return FALSE;
}

void StaticDtorDeclaration::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    if (hgs->hdrgen)
        return;
    buf->writestring("static ~this()");
    bodyToCBuffer(buf, hgs);
}

/********************************* SharedStaticDtorDeclaration ****************************/

SharedStaticDtorDeclaration::SharedStaticDtorDeclaration(Loc loc, Loc endloc)
    : StaticDtorDeclaration(loc, endloc, "_sharedStaticDtor")
{
}

Dsymbol *SharedStaticDtorDeclaration::syntaxCopy(Dsymbol *s)
{
    assert(!s);
    SharedStaticDtorDeclaration *sdd = new SharedStaticDtorDeclaration(loc, endloc);
    return FuncDeclaration::syntaxCopy(sdd);
}

void SharedStaticDtorDeclaration::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    if (!hgs->hdrgen)
    {
        buf->writestring("shared ");
        StaticDtorDeclaration::toCBuffer(buf, hgs);
    }
}


/********************************* InvariantDeclaration ****************************/

InvariantDeclaration::InvariantDeclaration(Loc loc, Loc endloc)
    : FuncDeclaration(loc, endloc, Id::classInvariant, STCundefined, NULL)
{
}

Dsymbol *InvariantDeclaration::syntaxCopy(Dsymbol *s)
{
    InvariantDeclaration *id;

    assert(!s);
    id = new InvariantDeclaration(loc, endloc);
    FuncDeclaration::syntaxCopy(id);
    return id;
}


void InvariantDeclaration::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    parent = sc->parent;
    Dsymbol *parent = toParent();
    AggregateDeclaration *ad = parent->isAggregateDeclaration();
    if (!ad)
    {
        error("invariants are only for struct/union/class definitions");
        return;
    }
    else if (ad->inv && ad->inv != this && semanticRun < PASSsemantic)
    {
        error("more than one invariant for %s", ad->toChars());
    }
    ad->inv = this;
    if (!type)
        type = new TypeFunction(NULL, Type::tvoid, FALSE, LINKd);

    sc = sc->push();
    sc->stc &= ~STCstatic;              // not a static invariant
    sc->incontract++;
    sc->linkage = LINKd;

    FuncDeclaration::semantic(sc);

    sc->pop();
}

int InvariantDeclaration::isVirtual()
{
    return FALSE;
}

int InvariantDeclaration::addPreInvariant()
{
    return FALSE;
}

int InvariantDeclaration::addPostInvariant()
{
    return FALSE;
}

void InvariantDeclaration::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    if (hgs->hdrgen)
        return;
    buf->writestring("invariant");
    bodyToCBuffer(buf, hgs);
}


/********************************* UnitTestDeclaration ****************************/

/*******************************
 * Generate unique unittest function Id so we can have multiple
 * instances per module.
 */

static Identifier *unitTestId()
{
    return Lexer::uniqueId("__unittest");
}

UnitTestDeclaration::UnitTestDeclaration(Loc loc, Loc endloc)
    : FuncDeclaration(loc, endloc, unitTestId(), STCundefined, NULL)
{
}

Dsymbol *UnitTestDeclaration::syntaxCopy(Dsymbol *s)
{
    UnitTestDeclaration *utd;

    assert(!s);
    utd = new UnitTestDeclaration(loc, endloc);
    return FuncDeclaration::syntaxCopy(utd);
}


void UnitTestDeclaration::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    if (global.params.useUnitTests)
    {
        if (!type)
            type = new TypeFunction(NULL, Type::tvoid, FALSE, LINKd);
        Scope *sc2 = sc->push();
        // It makes no sense for unit tests to be pure or nothrow.
        sc2->stc &= ~(STCnothrow | STCpure);
        sc2->linkage = LINKd;
        FuncDeclaration::semantic(sc2);
        sc2->pop();
    }

#if 0
    // We're going to need ModuleInfo even if the unit tests are not
    // compiled in, because other modules may import this module and refer
    // to this ModuleInfo.
    // (This doesn't make sense to me?)
    Module *m = getModule();
    if (!m)
        m = sc->module;
    if (m)
    {
        //printf("module3 %s needs moduleinfo\n", m->toChars());
        m->needmoduleinfo = 1;
    }
#endif
}

AggregateDeclaration *UnitTestDeclaration::isThis()
{
    return NULL;
}

int UnitTestDeclaration::isVirtual()
{
    return FALSE;
}

int UnitTestDeclaration::addPreInvariant()
{
    return FALSE;
}

int UnitTestDeclaration::addPostInvariant()
{
    return FALSE;
}

void UnitTestDeclaration::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    if (hgs->hdrgen)
        return;
    buf->writestring("unittest");
    bodyToCBuffer(buf, hgs);
}

/********************************* NewDeclaration ****************************/

NewDeclaration::NewDeclaration(Loc loc, Loc endloc, Parameters *arguments, int varargs)
    : FuncDeclaration(loc, endloc, Id::classNew, STCstatic, NULL)
{
    this->arguments = arguments;
    this->varargs = varargs;
}

Dsymbol *NewDeclaration::syntaxCopy(Dsymbol *s)
{
    NewDeclaration *f;

    f = new NewDeclaration(loc, endloc, NULL, varargs);

    FuncDeclaration::syntaxCopy(f);

    f->arguments = Parameter::arraySyntaxCopy(arguments);

    return f;
}


void NewDeclaration::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    //printf("NewDeclaration::semantic()\n");

    parent = sc->parent;
    Dsymbol *parent = toParent();
    ClassDeclaration *cd = parent->isClassDeclaration();
    if (!cd && !parent->isStructDeclaration())
    {
        error("new allocators only are for class or struct definitions");
    }
    Type *tret = Type::tvoid->pointerTo();
    if (!type)
        type = new TypeFunction(arguments, tret, varargs, LINKd);

    type = type->semantic(loc, sc);
    assert(type->ty == Tfunction);

    // Check that there is at least one argument of type size_t
    TypeFunction *tf = (TypeFunction *)type;
    if (Parameter::dim(tf->parameters) < 1)
    {
        error("at least one argument of type size_t expected");
    }
    else
    {
        Parameter *a = Parameter::getNth(tf->parameters, 0);
        if (!a->type->equals(Type::tsize_t))
            error("first argument must be type size_t, not %s", a->type->toChars());
    }

    FuncDeclaration::semantic(sc);
}

const char *NewDeclaration::kind()
{
    return "allocator";
}

int NewDeclaration::isVirtual()
{
    return FALSE;
}

int NewDeclaration::addPreInvariant()
{
    return FALSE;
}

int NewDeclaration::addPostInvariant()
{
    return FALSE;
}

void NewDeclaration::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring("new");
    Parameter::argsToCBuffer(buf, hgs, arguments, varargs);
    bodyToCBuffer(buf, hgs);
}


/********************************* DeleteDeclaration ****************************/

DeleteDeclaration::DeleteDeclaration(Loc loc, Loc endloc, Parameters *arguments)
    : FuncDeclaration(loc, endloc, Id::classDelete, STCstatic, NULL)
{
    this->arguments = arguments;
}

Dsymbol *DeleteDeclaration::syntaxCopy(Dsymbol *s)
{
    DeleteDeclaration *f;

    f = new DeleteDeclaration(loc, endloc, NULL);

    FuncDeclaration::syntaxCopy(f);

    f->arguments = Parameter::arraySyntaxCopy(arguments);

    return f;
}


void DeleteDeclaration::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    //printf("DeleteDeclaration::semantic()\n");

    parent = sc->parent;
    Dsymbol *parent = toParent();
    ClassDeclaration *cd = parent->isClassDeclaration();
    if (!cd && !parent->isStructDeclaration())
    {
        error("new allocators only are for class or struct definitions");
    }
    if (!type)
        type = new TypeFunction(arguments, Type::tvoid, 0, LINKd);

    type = type->semantic(loc, sc);
    assert(type->ty == Tfunction);

    // Check that there is only one argument of type void*
    TypeFunction *tf = (TypeFunction *)type;
    if (Parameter::dim(tf->parameters) != 1)
    {
        error("one argument of type void* expected");
    }
    else
    {
        Parameter *a = Parameter::getNth(tf->parameters, 0);
        if (!a->type->equals(Type::tvoid->pointerTo()))
            error("one argument of type void* expected, not %s", a->type->toChars());
    }

    FuncDeclaration::semantic(sc);
}

const char *DeleteDeclaration::kind()
{
    return "deallocator";
}

int DeleteDeclaration::isDelete()
{
    return TRUE;
}

int DeleteDeclaration::isVirtual()
{
    return FALSE;
}

int DeleteDeclaration::addPreInvariant()
{
    return FALSE;
}

int DeleteDeclaration::addPostInvariant()
{
    return FALSE;
}

void DeleteDeclaration::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring("delete");
    Parameter::argsToCBuffer(buf, hgs, arguments, 0);
    bodyToCBuffer(buf, hgs);
}